A Study of the Political-Social History of the Interim between Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

20世纪70年代以来，从事春秋战国研究的史家没有把春秋战国作为一个整体来看待，而是把中原的各个国家、春秋时期的楚国或商鞅变法后的秦国单独研究。造成这种情况的主要原因是这些时期的生存材料条件不均衡。本研究项目的目的是克服这些资料的限制，厘清这些时期中国政治社会史的总体趋势，并获得一个更完整的图景。要考察南朝和西朝之间的过渡时期，我们必须依靠《史记》的极短编年史，但《史记》的西朝编年史的混乱使我们无法充分利用这一文本。首席研究者已经发表了《战国时期史记的编辑来源》，证实了《史记》来源的多样性和编辑的分层性。在此之后，他在《史记的战国年表》一文中重构了战国年表。这些初步的工作为利用《史记》对WS时期的描述进行历史重建提供了可能，并提供了以下视角。西周后期和西周中期可以理解为霸权制度和贵族统治的持续粘滞。同样，从这一观点也可以认识到，WZ后期以后被排除在霸权体系之外的秦国和曲国。为此，他撰写了《晋国三后裔建制研究》，阐述了南朝后期至西朝中期霸权体系瓦解的过程，并考虑了以皇族为代表的贵族成员和以酉士为代表的非贵族成员的官僚，即外派官员，以及他们在各国统治组织中的地位。他在《论战国中期的孟子、国家和社会》一文中专门论述了友师。另一本《战国前期和中期的国家宪法》也提供了它的分析框架。这些都包含在本报告中。通过该项目的研究，澄清了南朝后期至西朝中期中国政治社会史的总体趋势，在一定程度上克服了上述研究条件。少

Since 1970's, historians who have engaged in the study of Spring and Autumn (SA) and Warring States (WS) periods have failed to treat these periods as a whole, and studied each state in the Central Plain, the Chu state in SA period or the Qin state after the Shangyang's Reformation in WS period individually. The main reason for this is uneaven condition of survival material from these periods. The aim of this research project is to overcome such limits of sources, to clearify the general trends of political and social history of the China during these periods, and to attain a more integrated picture. To investigate the interim between SA and WS periods we must depend on the very brief chronicle of the Siji, but the confusion of Shiji's chronology of WS period have prevented us from using this text sufficiently. The head investigator has already published "Editorial Sources of Shiji, Warring States Period" to confirm the variety of sources and the editorial stratification of the Shiji. … More Following this he reconstructed the chronology of the WS period in his aricle "Shiji's Chornology of the Warime States Period". These preliminary works have made possible to use the Shiji's descriptions of the WS period for historical reconstruction, and to provide the following perspective. The later Western Zhou (WZ) and the middle WS periods can be understood as the unremitting visiccitude of the hegemon system and aristocratic rules. In the same way Qin and Qu states after the later WZ period, which were excluded from the hegemon system, can be recognized from such viewpoint. For this purpose he wrote "A Study of the Establishment of the Three Descendants of the Jin State" to illustrate the process of disintegration of the hegemon system from the later SA period to the middle WS period, in addition, to consider aristocratic members of princely clans and bureaucrats of non aristocratic members represented by youshi, or expatriate officials, and their status in the rulling organization of each state. His article "On Mencius, States ans Society in the middle Warring States Period" treated especially about youshi. Its analytical framework is also Prerented in another one, "Constitution of States in the Early nd Middle Warring States Period". These are included in this report. As a result of this project the general trends of the political-social history of the China from the later SA period to the middle WS period have been clarified, and to a certain degree above-mentioned research condition have been overcome. Less