National Land Development and Urban Planning under Napoleon III and his civil engineers

这项研究的目的是评估拿破仑三世时期的国家土地开发(以兰德斯地区为例)和城市规划(特别是工人住房)项目，分析当时执行这些工作的土木工程师的著作。我们首先澄清的是，工程师们普遍认可交通投资对区域发展的积极影响。1995年，我们开始了对城市规划项目的审查，得到了一些宝贵的文件：拿破仑三世亲自提出的巴黎工人住房平面图，清楚地表明了他即使给工人提供适度但舒适的居住环境的意愿；勒克鲁索的施奈德夫妇的案例表明，当地实业家在改善工人生活水平方面发挥了重要作用。但我们无法确定工程师的角色以及他们在这件事上的想法。1996年，我们集中分析了波尔多南部广阔的潮湿地区兰德斯的土地改良情况。根据1857年的一项法律，这项公共工作的目标是开垦荒地，发展地区经济。因此，像Chambrelent这样的土木工程师将当地工业(树脂和木材)的预期发展量化为工作的可出租性，然后建立了成本效益分析，与运输投资的情况形成对比，他们在运输投资中获得了许多无法量化的好处。他们还在改进植树造林和排水技术方面降低了成本。社区处置了他们的部分共同财产，以资助这项工作。当中央政府为其提供资金时，这些资金是从改善的土地收入中收回的。最后，可以肯定的是，一些工程师走在了国家土地改良政策的前面，为民营企业树立了榜样。

The aim of this study is to evaluate the projects of national land development (the case of Landes region) and urban planning (especially housing for workers) under Napoleon III,analyzing the writings of the civil engineers who executed the works at that time.1. We clarified at first that engineers approved generally positive effects of transport investment on regional development.2. In 1995, we started the examination of urban planning project and could get some precious documents : plans of the houses for workers in Paris projected by Napoleon III himself shows clearly his will to give a modest but comfortable habitation even to workers ; the case of the Schneiders at Le Creusot suggested the important part that local industrialists playd for improving the living standard of workers. But we could not identify the role of engineers and their thoughts on this matter.3. In 1996, we concentrated on the analysis of the land improvement at Landes, a vast damp area in the southern part of Bordeaux. The object of this public work decided by a law of 1857 was to bring the waste land in cultivation and to develop the regional economy. So civil engineers such as Chambrelent quantified the expected development of local industries (resin and timbers), as rentability of the work and then established a cost-benefit analysis, in contrast with in the case of transport investment of which they met many unquantifiable benefits. They also reduced the cost, in improving the technique of afforestation and drainage. Communities disposed of some part of their common for financing the work. When the central government financed it, that was recovered from the improved land revenue. At last, we can confirm that some engineers went ahead of the national policy of land improving and set a model for private enterprises.