Economic Governance "a la francaise" : Market, Government and Social Economy at the Turn of the 19^<th> Century

社会经济学具有对政府干预、对过度自由主义、对现存社会主义的三重批判。这也是他们在长期经济停滞和人口减少的双重威胁下，为解决经济和社会差距而努力的结果。各种各样的社会问题造成了社会经济学概念的多样性，以及它们对采取行动的代理人（国家、公司或协会）和政策（人口、住房等）的选择。他们提出的各种措施清楚地表明，法国社会在当时发生了变化，这种变化需要另一种新的社会经济治理形式，而不是政府，以解决市场失灵。

The social economics is characterized by the triple criticism : to the government intervention, to the excessive liberalism and to the existing socialism. It was also the result of their efforts to resolve the economic and social disparity under the double menace to French society, which were the long economic stagnation and the depopulation. The divers social problems caused the diversity of the notion of social economics, and their choice of the agents (State, firms, or associations) to act and policies (population, housing, etc.). The divers measures they proposed show clearly that French society changed in that time and that this change required another novel form of the socio-economic governance than the government, in order to resolve the market failure.