Change and durability of folk culture in island community under the influence of regional development

本人类学研究于1997年至1999年在九州西部的小岛进行。客岛位于天草后藤到南九州的交通和商业要道上，面临着人口减少和渔业衰退的问题。从18世纪开始，大阪的鱼商发展起来的鱼类销售体系刺激了日本西部的渔民。后藤、天草、萨摩等地的渔民来到小岛捕鱼，小岛人被Ushibuka船主雇佣为船员。现代工业化把年轻女性带到了在出泉野和其他城镇建立的纺织和纤维工厂，但她们在三到四年后回到家里结婚。第二次世界大战后，由于西九州渔业的衰退，男性选择成为网工，受雇于宫崎和高知县的固定网（Oshikiami）所有者。然而，重工业的快速发展将小岛人吸收到城市地区。自1960年以来，男人和女人都离开了他们的岛屿，来到了重工业中心——天崎。最近，日本人开始思考和反思，他们在工业化和西方化（现代化）的补偿中失去了什么。此外，支持工业化的人已经到了退休年龄。几十年后，他们从长崎回到了小岛。这些新移民通常反对发展规划，呼吁保护自然环境，并且由于他们依靠足够的福利养老金生活，因此出现了新型的社会和经济冲突。koshikishima的宇宙观可以与九州南部或西部的其他地方进行比较，我们可以假设渔民的广泛流动和转移。一些神灵，如惠比寿和船山，以及金龟古的传说表明，自古以来，不仅渔民，商人和牧师也来过小岛。戴着面具的神灵（Toshidon）会在新年前夜从海上或山顶前来拜访。在水平方向和垂直方向上的神性概念的不同，应加以讨论。少

This Anthropological research on maritime society in Koshikijima islands, western Kyushu, was conducted 1997 to 1999. Koshikijima, facing a decrease of population and a decline of fishery, is located in a transportation and commerce route from Goto, Amakusa to Southern Kyushu. Fish marketing system developed by fish marchants from Osaka since 18th century had stimulated fishermen in Western Japan. Fishermen from Goto, Amakusa as well as Satsuma came to Koshikijima for fishing and Koshikijima people were hired as crew members by Ushibuka boat owners. Modern industrialization took young women to textile and fiber factories built in Izumisano and other towns but they came back home for marriage after 3 to 4 years. After World War II, because of decay of fisery in Western Kyushu, male people chose to become net-workers and worked being hired by fixed net (Oshikiami) owners in Miyazaki and Kochi. However, rapid progress of heavy industry absorbed Koshikijima people into urban areas. Since 1 … More 960', men as well as women had left their islands for Amagasaki which is a center of heavy industry. Recently people in Japan have begun to consider and reflect what they have lost in compensation for industrialization and westernization (modernization). Besides that, people who supported industrialization have reached retiring age. They came back from Amagasaki to Koshikijima after many decades. These kind of new-comers are usually against to development plan with calling for the protection of natural environment, and since they live on their sufficient welfare pension, new types of social and economic conflicts have occurred.Cosmology in Koshikijima can be compared with that in other Southern or Western Kyushu, and we can presume widely mobility and transferance of fishermen. Some deities, such as Ebisu and Funadama, as well as a legend of Jingu-Kogo indicate that not only fishermen but also marchants and priests had come to Koshikijima since olden times. Deities with masks (Toshidon) visit on new year's eve, from the sea or from the top of the mountain. The different notion of deity, between horizontal and vertical direction, should be discussed. Less