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A Study of the Elderly and Folkways Relating to Death in the Aging Society

老龄化社会中老年人与死亡民俗研究

基本信息

批准号：
09610321
负责人：
SHINTANI Takanori
金额：
$ 1.15万
依托单位：
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF JAPANESE HISTORY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1999
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This is a folkloristic study of the elderly and problems of the aging society. It is based on field surveys in the Kinki region conducted in the Oyagyu suburb of Nara, as a typical case of a traditional rural community, and in the Kyoto district of Gion Yasaka in Higashiyama ward, as a typical case of a traditional urban community.Oyagyu is a village noted for the survival of the miyaza or council of local shrine parishioners and by the practice of the ryobo-sei ("double-grave") system. The survey revealed the following points. First, the elders (choroshu) who lead the miyaza exercise special authority and receive deep respect from the villagers. Although the authority and respect are concentrated in the specific time and place of shrine rituals, the presence of the elders and the value of longevity are tacitly recognized in various aspects of village life, not only by their wives, children, and grandchildren but by all the villagers. Second, against the backdrop of a village life cent … More ering on religious services dedicated to the tutelary deities (ujigami), the villagers avoid the defilement of death almost to the extreme in their daily lives. The area where the dead are actually interred is on a mountain some distance from the village, while the tombs memorializing them are located relatively close to the village. We may surmise that there is a connection between the miyaza-led rituals and the "double-grave" practice, reflecting the taboos on death defilement (shiwai kihi).The Gion Yasaka area in the city of Kyoto is a typical traditional business district that grew up from the Shotoku era (1711-16) onward in front of Gion's Yasaka Shrine. The survey revealed the following points. In a commercial district of this type, the settlement rate of shopkeeper households is low, and interaction among people is prompted more by occupational situations than by household units. Therefore, while some elderly persons who, out of their sense of duty and ability as members of long-established merchant houses (shinise), play a role in the local Yasaka Shrine festivals, there are others who have more recently moved out of, or into, the community. Not all members of the older generation, therefore, participate in community activities. Their post-retirement activities tend to be quite diverse, some by taking part in the senior citizen's associations (rojinkai) organized in response to government-related welfare programs for the elderly, and others through individual pursuits based on personal relations acquired in the course of their careers and work. Less

这是对老年人和老龄化社会问题的民俗学研究。本研究是根据在近畿地区的实地调查，以奈良郊区的小柳居为代表，以东山区的京都区的祇园八坂为代表。小柳居是一个以神社理事会的存在和双坟制度而闻名的村庄。调查显示了以下几点。首先，领导miyaza的长老（choroshu）行使特殊的权力，并受到村民的深深尊重。虽然权威和尊重集中在特定的时间和地点的神社仪式，老人的存在和长寿的价值是默认的村庄生活的各个方面，不仅是他们的妻子，孩子和孙子，但所有村民。第二，在乡村生活的背景下， ...更多信息村民们在日常生活中，通过供奉守护神的宗教仪式，几乎到了极致，避免了死亡的玷污。实际上埋葬死者的地方是在离村庄一段距离的山上，而纪念他们的坟墓则相对靠近村庄。我们可以推测，宫崎骏主导的仪式与“双坟”习俗之间存在联系，反映了死亡玷污（shiwai kihi）的禁忌。京都市的祇园八坂地区是一个典型的传统商业区，从正德时代（1711-16年）开始在祇园八坂神社前发展起来。调查显示了以下几点。在这类商业区中，店主家庭的定居率较低，人们之间的互动更多地是由职业情况而不是家庭单位引起的。因此，虽然一些老年人出于他们作为历史悠久的商人（shinise）成员的责任感和能力，在当地的八坂神社节日中发挥作用，但也有其他人最近离开或进入社区。因此，并非所有老一辈的成员都参加社群活动。他们退休后的活动往往是相当多样化的，有些是参加为响应政府有关老年人福利计划而组织的老年人协会（rojinkai），另一些则是根据他们在职业和工作过程中获得的个人关系进行个人追求。少