The Passage of Japanese Local Literature in Hawaii ; Reconstruction with a Postcolonial View

从19世纪移民时代到21世纪全球化/跨国化时代，日本夏威夷乡土文学作为一种独特的文学类型，其产生和发展与夏威夷乡土文学的产生和发展在很大程度上是相对应的。第一，70年代末80年代初的乡土文学运动，以"讲故事会"的成立和中日乡土作家创办的"竹岭出版社"及其刊物为标志。在我与创始人Darrell Lum和玛丽Hara的采访中，他们说他们的目标是从夏威夷（波利尼西亚）文学和大陆亚裔美国人文学中识别夏威夷的地方文学，并提高夏威夷当地人的地方意识，他们的种族，民族，文化和社会背景最初在种植园时代发生冲突，但逐渐融入共同的地方身份。地方文学的诞生可以追溯到殖民时代第一代的移民通道和种植园生活，他们在新移植的热带景观中创造了独特的口头文学，如洞洞歌和日本短歌，俳句和senryu。第二代美国人的英语文学是他们在美国本土夏威夷接受的英美化学校教育的产物，体现了反抗殖民主义的叙事。在后殖民时代，面对二战、夏威夷庞大的海军基地、海啸、美日两国首都的旅游和商业化浪潮、城市化以及多元种族和多元文化环境中的hapa，"三生"文学将"一生"和"二生"的叙事重构为地方文学的基础，并将殖民生活及其遗产作为其地方身份和地方叙事。日本夏威夷的乡土文学将引领21 ^世纪的乡土文学。<st>

Japanese local literature in Hawaii in the transformation from the nineteenth-century immigration era to the twenty-first-century global/transnational era is examined as one unique genre whose birth and growth corresponds to those of local literature in Hawaii in a large scale. First, local literature movement from the end of the 1970's to the beginning of the 1980's emerged with the establishment of Talk Story conferences and Bamboo Ridge Press and its journal founded by local Chinese and Japanese sansei. In my interview with the founders, Darrell Lum and Marie Hara, they said that they aim at identifying Hawaii's local literature from both Hawaiian (Polynesian) literature and Asian American literature in mainland and improving the local consciousness among the locals in Hawaii whose racial, ethnic, cultural, and social backgrounds were first conflicting in the plantation era yet have been gradually assimilating into a shared local identity. The birth of local literature is traced back to the issei's immigration passage and plantation life in a colonial era where they create their local narrative in the unique oral literature of hole hole songs and the Japanese tanka, haiku, and senryu in the newly transplanted tropical landscape. The nisei's literature in English which results from their English-and Americanization-oriented school education in Hawaii as an American Territory embodies the narrative that revolts against colonialism. The sansei' literature reconstructs both issei's and nisei's narratives as the foundation of local literature and explores the colonial life and its heritage as their local identity and local narrative in postcolonial era where they are confronted with World War II, Hawaii's large navy base, tsunami, a wave of tourism and commercialism by both American and Japanese capitals, urbanization, and hapa in multiracial and multicultural environments. Japanese local literature in Hawaii will lead the local literature in the 21^<st> century.