Succession and Change of Folk Knowledge in Muslim Societies : An Ethnographical Research in North Africa

通过对北非穆斯林社会三年的实地考察，可以清楚地看到，在全球化的影响下，北非穆斯林社会在保持着部分“传统”生活方式的同时，在日常生活的各个领域都发生了严重的社会文化变迁。我们所发现的变化涵盖了生活的各个方面，如食物和衣服等物质文化，妇女的劳动，流行歌曲等大众文化，以及伊斯兰教的作用。通过考察这些案例，我们讨论了当代人类学争论中的一些主要主题，如性别问题、伊斯兰复兴、信息时代的到来和全球旅游。另一方面，我们收集了一些日本学者所知甚少的有关伊斯兰教活动的“传统”方式的基本实地资料，如摩洛哥的苏菲教团和伊斯兰教学习机构，以及向穆斯林群众提供法律的建议（法特瓦）的学者（乌里玛）的作用。这些田野调查资料对日本的伊斯兰教研究具有重要的价值。考虑到全球化进程给北非穆斯林生活的各个方面带来了一定的社会文化变化，在那里进行田野调查的人类学家必须从比以往更广阔的视角进行民族志研究。然后，我们应该考虑到国家和全球背景下的政治，经济和文化因素，这些因素给我们研究的社区带来了各种变化。根据这些观察，我们提出了人类学研究项目，以调查阿拉伯穆斯林世界，特别是全球化对其社会的影响，并在日本科学研究资助金（C）的资助下将其中一个项目付诸实施。

As a result of the three-years field research in the Muslim societies of North Africa, it is clearly proved that, under the influence of the globalization, they have gone through serious socio-cultural transformations in various domains of their daily life, though they even keep some of the 'traditional' ways of life. The changes we have found cover such aspects of life as material cultures like food and clothes, women's labor, mass culture like popular song, and the role of Islam. Examining such cases, we have discussed some of the main subjects in the contemporary anthropological controversy like the gender issue, Islamic resurgence, the coming of the information age, and the global tourism. On the other hand, we have collected some basic field data concerning the 'traditional' styles of Islamic activities, of which Japanese scholars have had little knowledge, such as the Sufi Orders and Islamic learning institutions in Morocco and the role of scholars ('ulama) who give legal advice (fatwa) to the Muslim masses. These field materials are valuable enough to advance Islamic studies in Japan.Considering that the globalization process have brought about somewhat socio-cultural transformations in various aspects of North African Muslim's life, anthropologists who carry out fieldwork there will have to conduct ethnographic research with wider perspectives than ever. Then we should take into account political, economic, and cultural factors in the national, and global contexts, which have brought in various changes in the communities we study. Based on these observations, we have proposed anthropological research projects to investigate the Arab Muslim world in general with a special reference to the effects of the globalization on their societies and put one of them into practice with a financial support of the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from the JSPS.