Molecular phylogeny of ant-plant Macarangas, their symbiotic ants and affiliated organisms in Southeast Asian tropics.

蚂蚁的发生表明，没有共享的mtDNA类型之间的9个共生蚂蚁，这表明每个血桐种的居民已经形成了物种和形成的主机races。这一发现强烈表明，Macaranga-Crematogaster协会实际上是一对一的相互作用。尽管离体食腐蚁样本数量不足，但蚂蚁系统发育树的结构表明，植物蚁在十蕊蚁亚属和食腐蚁亚属中至少出现过两次。基于节肢动物mtDNA序列的平均分化率为每百万年2.3%的假设，植物蚂蚁Decacremais的起源年龄估计不到600万年。

The ant phylogeny indicates no sharing of mtDNA types among 9 symbiotic ants, suggesting that inhabitant ants of each Macaranga species have already speciated and formed host rraces. This finding strongly suggest that Macaranga-Crematogaster association is actually one-to-one interaction. Despite the insufficiency offree-living Crematogaster samples, the structure of ant phylogenetic tree indicate that plant-ants have arisen at least twice in subgenera Decacrema and Crematogaster. Based on the assumption that the mean rate of divergence in mtDNA sequences is 2.3 % per million years in arthropods, the age of origin of plant-ant Decacremais estimated to be less than 6 million years.