The diffusion of zongzu in China

宋代士大夫试图形成宗法控制下的父系群体。本研究的目的是论证发端于宋代的宗法运动在16世纪以后的区域社会中取得的最大进步，并在中国社会中站稳了脚跟。(1)清朝对宗法制度采取了灵活的政策，但没有正式批准。(2)清朝灵活政策的背后，是一场建立宗法制度的运动兴起。例如，在与清朝政策密切相关的苏州，城市和农村迅速相继形成了以易庄为代表的特色宗族。在苏州洞庭东山这片狭小的土地上，随着城市化和商业化时代的到来，当地居民与远方地区进行贸易往来，发家致富，有的还进入了官场。他们也采用了宗法制度，形成了很有特色的宗族。清代宗族在地区建立宗族，得到了商人和知识分子的大力支持。(3)形成粽子的运动不仅出现在发达地区，而且还蔓延到周边地区。典型的例子出现在广东珠江。达美航空。在本研究中，我回顾了我以前对这一地区的分析，并考察了在周围地区形成宗族的运动。

The intellectuals (shi-t'a-fu) in the Sung, period tried to form patrilineal groups controlled in terms of tsung-fa The aim of this study is to demonstrate that the movement to establish the tsung-fa system, which was originated in the Sung period, made the greatest progress in regional societies after the 16th century and was firmly established in Chinese society.This study clarifies the following points. (1) The Ch'ing dynasty adopted a flexible policy toward the tsung-fa system, though it did not approve it officially. (2) What lay behind Ch'ing's flexible policy was an arising movement to establish the tsung-fa system. For instance, in Suzhou which was deeply related to the policy of the Ch'ing dynasty, distinguished zongzu such as yi-zhuang were formed both in urban and rural areas in rapid succession. In Dongting-donshan a small area in Suzhou, the residents, going along with the times of urbanization and commercialization, carried on trade with distant regions and made a fortune, and some entered the official world. They, too, adopted the tsung-fa system and formed distinguished zongzu's. The establishment of zongzu's in regional areas in the Ch'ing period is argued to be strongly supported by merchants and intellectuals. (3) The movement to form a zongzu was not only found in advanced areas but extended to surrounding areas. The typical example was found in the Guangdong Zhujiang. delta. In the present study, I review my previous analysis of this area and investigate the movement to form a zongzu in surrounding areas.