John Donne and Jesiuts' views of Machiavelli

这项研究起源于约翰·多恩的《伊格纳修斯·他的秘密会议》(1611)。在这本书中，马基雅维利作为一位重要的“小说家”被伊格纳修斯·洛约拉驳斥，当我们记住洛约拉是耶稣会士时，一个问题就是耶稣会士对马基雅维利的看法到底是什么。为了研究这一点，我选择了两位西班牙代表耶稣会士安东尼奥·波塞维诺和佩德罗·德·里巴德内拉，以及一位英国耶稣会士托马斯·菲茨赫伯特，并考察了他们对马基雅维利的看法。结果，波塞维诺对马基雅维利的看法被证明是支离破碎的，反映了无辜的真蒂莱对马基雅维利个人的、情绪化的批评。Ribadeneira对马基雅维利的看法是道德的，他断言马基雅维利的王子不是真正的王子，他的学说只产生了一个暴君。他说，马基雅维利所拒绝的宗教和美德对于维护一个国家是绝对必要的。托马斯·菲茨赫伯特的批评紧随波塞维诺和里巴德内拉之后，只专注于攻击马基雅维利的邪恶。他认为马基雅维利是邪恶的老师，是暴君和暴君的老师，并讨论了邪恶与自然、理性和圣经是如何矛盾的。他的结论是，以恶为本的尺子必然会崩溃，上帝的惩罚是不可避免的。他对马基雅维利的看法是传统的、典型的。他从里巴德内拉那里吸取了对马基雅维利的批评。在这样的背景下，约翰·多恩在《伊格那丢他的秘密会议》中的马基雅维利与这些耶稣会士不同。多恩不仅提到了马基雅维利作为邪恶老师的一面，还指出了马基雅维利作为君主主义者和共和党人的两张面孔。多恩介绍了一种关于马基雅维利的新观点，这一观点没有被耶稣会讨论过。这说明多恩知道耶稣会士对马基雅维利的看法，而他们的看法是基于无知。唐恩饰演的洛约拉说起话来好像什么都知道，实际上他对马基雅维利的意图一无所知。

This research originated from John Donne's Ignatius His Conclave (1611). In it Machiavelli as an important "novelist" was refuted by Ignatius Loyola, When we bear in mind that Loyola was a Jesuit, one question arises about what Jesuits' view of Machiavelli really was. In order to examine this, I selected two Spanish representative Jesuits, Antonio Possevino and Pedro de Ribadeneira, and one English Jesuit, Thomas Fitzherbert and examined their views of Machiavelli. As a result, Possevino's view of Machiavelli turned out to be fragmentary and reflect Innocent Gentillet's personal, emotional criticism of Machiavelli. Ribadeneira's view of Machiavelli was moral, asserting that Machiavelli's prince was not a true prince and his doctrine produced only a tyrant. He said that religion and virtue which Machiavelli rejected were absolutely necessary for the preserving of a state. Thomas Fitzherbert's criticism followed Possevino and Ribadeneira, and focused on attacking Machiavelli's evil only. He regarded Machiavelli as a teacher of evil, a teacher of tyrants and tyranny, and discussed how contradictory evil was to nature, reason and the Scriptures. He concluded that rulers based on evil were sure to collapse and God's punishment was unavoidable. His view of Machiavelli was a traditional and typical one. He took his criticism of Machiavelli from Ribadeneira. Against the background, John Donne's Machiavelli in ignatius His Conclave was different from these Jesuits. Donne not only referred to Machiavelli's aspect of a teacher of evil but pointed out Machiavelli's two faces as a monarchist and a republican. Donne introduced a new view of Machiavelli which was not discussed by the Jesuits. This shows that Donne knew Jesuits' view of Machiavelli and their view was based on ignorance. Donne's Loyola, who speaks as if he knew everything, was in fact ignorant of Machiavelli's intention.