A Sociological Enquiry into the American Culture and History

20世纪80年代，一组以社群主义为指导思想的批判理论在美国学术界崭露头角。本研究旨在从社会学的角度，探讨社群主义在当时获得不少美国人拥护的社会历史背景。根据社群主义倡导者的特点，社群主义思想可分为哲学社群主义思想和大众社群主义思想两大类。作为对罗尔斯自由主义的批判，哲学社群主义主要应用于正义、权利、自由等主题的哲学和伦理论证。虽然这两种社群主义有着高度的相关性，但本研究选取的是大众社群主义作为中心研究对象。大众社群主义的主要主张是一种意识形态观点，认为美国社会目前所患的社会疾病是一种社会疾病。大众社群主义是一种社会疾病，它是一种社会疾病，是一种社会疾病 ...更多信息 这一切都是由于压倒性的个人主义。它认为，个人主义出现于20世纪70年代，是普遍存在于美国价值意识中的公共原则衰落的结果，从而有助于整合美国社会。社群主义者，特别是大众社群主义的倡导者，强调社群在伦理意义上规范人们的行为和维护正当社会秩序的功能。加州大学伯克利分校名誉教授、社群主义的著名倡导者罗伯特·贝拉在我的采访中提到了他对新政时代美国社会健康状况的怀旧钦佩。社群主义视角的这种“向后看”的性质虽然被批评为弱点，但在本研究中被解释为社会意识形态的指标，这是理解以个人主义和自由主义为民主基础的现代社会变革方向所必需的。少

A group of ideas taken as a critical theory under the same of communitarianism became prominent in American academic realms in the 1980s. This research aims to explore, from a sociological point of view, social and historical backgrounds underlying the historical fact that the communitarianism obtained not a few American advocates in that time. The communitarian ideas are grouped according to specialties of its advocates into the two types : philosophical and popular ideals of communitarianism. The philosophical communitarianism is applied primarily in philosophical and ethical arguments of such topics as justice, rights, freedom as a criticism of the Rawlsian liberalism. While the two types of communitarianism are highly correlated, it is rather the popular communitarianism that is picked up in this research as the central research target.The major claim in the popular communitarianism is characterized as an ideological opinion that the social diseases American society currently suffe … More rs from are due to an overwhelmed individualism. The individualism, it claims, appeared in the 1970s as a consequence of declination of the communal principles that prevailed widely in American value consciousness and thus contributed to integrate American society. The communitarians, in particular advocates of the popular communitarianism, stress functions of community to regulate, in ethical sense, people's behavior and to maintain a justifiable social order. Robert Bellah, Professor Emeritus of University of California, Berkley, and an eminent advocate of the communitarianism, mentioned in my interview his nostalgic admiration of a healthy status of American society in the age of the New Deal. This nature of looking backward' of the communitarian perspective, though criticized as a weak point, is in this research interpreted as an indicator of social ideology that is necessitated to understand the direction of change of modern societies with democratic basis of individualism and liberalism. Less