The Spanish Culture in the 1930s -from the Second Republic to the Civil War-

第二共和国对许多西班牙人在文化和精神方面具有划时代的意义。共和国宪法否认天主教为官方信仰。这就是西班牙语版的“文化斗争”。教堂一直是西班牙人精神活动的重要据点。于是教会和天主教的作用被迫改变，例如在教育、两性关系和占有（土地）和家庭的概念方面。但是，这些事情让许多信仰天主教的西班牙人感到不安。共和国攻击了制度精神因素的另一个据点，即军队。士兵社会（首先是军官社会）和军队的一些特征——男性性别的代表和对殖民地的统治——必须改变。内战期间，在叛乱地区复兴并强调了天主教精神（以及传统的家庭和两性关系），以及帝国或军事西班牙。在共和国时期，“大众文化”运动蓬勃发展，西班牙文化的大众性得到强调。

The Second Republic was epochmaking for many Spaniards in the sphere of the culture and the mental factors. The Constitution of the Republic denied Catholicism to be official. This was the Spanish Version of 'Kultur Kampf'. The church had been the great stronghold of the Spanish mental activities. The role of the church and Catholicism was then obliged to be changed, for example, in the educations, sex-gender relations and conceptions of possession (of lands) and family. But, these things made many catholic-minded Spaniards uneasy. The Republic attacked the other stronghold of the institutional mental factor, the army. The society of soldiers (above all, of officers), and some of the characteristics of the army -representation of the masculine gender and the domination of the colonies- were obliged to be changed.During the Civil War, in the insurgent area revived and emphasized the spirit of the catholicisim (and of the traditional family and sex-gender relations), and imperial or martial Spain. In the Republic, movements of 'Cultura Popular' were flourishing, and the popular character of Spanish culture was emphasized.