Research on Disclosure in Criminal System

在日本，虽然有调查员向受害者通报逮捕嫌疑人等情况，《刑事诉讼法》规定，向申诉人发出起诉/不起诉通知等，并根据申诉人的要求说明不起诉的理由，但这些措施没有得到充分利用。在警察一级，1996年建立了受害者通知制度，主管调查员向人身犯罪(谋杀、伤害、抢劫等)、肇事逃逸案件和死亡交通事故的受害者提供关于嫌疑人是否被捕、其身份和处置情况的信息。此外，1999年修订了《刑事侦查标准》，并制定了关于考虑被害人和通知被害人的新规定。在公诉一级，引入被害人和其他人通知制度的检察官办公室数量增加了…自1991年以来更多。1999年4月，该国家标准制定并开始使用。根据它，当对受害者或其亲属和其他人进行调查时，如果他们想知道，就会告知他们处置的结果、公开审判的日期、结果、和解、审判上诉。在死亡等严重案件中，即使没有对受害者或其他人进行调查，检察官办公室也会在确认其意愿存在的情况下发出通知。1999年提交日本国会审议的《少年法修正案》有以下条款：jvenile及其法定代表人的姓名和地址以及决定的文本和理由可以根据受害者或其他人的请求通知，但有可能妨碍青少年的健康成长和不适当的情况除外。关于在刑事机构服刑的囚犯的下落和释放的信息，没有制度或做法向受害者通报这种信息。总而言之，我认为刑事司法信息不披露而是基于围栏提供是有问题的。我们必须从以刑事司法机关为中心的政策转变为以公众为中心的战略，从被动地接受刑事司法机关提供的信息转变为主动地重新获取信息。较少

In Japan although there have been cases that an investigator informs a victim about the arrest of suspect and so on, and the Criminal Procedure Act provides that a notice of prosecution/non-prosecution to a complainant and so on and of reason of non-prosecution based on his/her demand, these measures have not been made use of sufficiently. On the police level in 1996 the notification to victim system was established and an investigator in charge offers information about whether a suspect is arrested or not, his/her identity and a situation of disposal to a victim of crime against body (murder, injury, robbery and so on), a hit-and-run case and a traffic accident with death. In addition in 1999 the Criminal Investigation Standard has been amended and new provisions on consideration of victim and notification to him/her have been established.On the public prosecution level, the number of public prosecutors offices which introduce the notification-to-victim and others system has increased … More since 1991. In April 1999 the national standard has been established and begun to be used since then. According to it, when an investigation into victim or his/her relatives and others is made, a result of disposals, a date for public trial, result, settlement, appeal of trial are informed them if they want to know. In case of serious cases such as with death, even when an investigation into victim or others is not made, a public prosecutors office makes a notification under confirmation of existence of his/her/their desire.Concerning the juvenile case it has been indicated that a victim can't know even an outline of his/her case. The Bill of Amendment of Juvenile Law, which was submitted to the Diet in 1999, Japanese national assembly, and under deliberation, has following provisions : names and addressed of jevenile and his/her legal representative and the text and grounds of decision can be notified under a request from a victim or others except for cases which are in danger of preventing a sound nurture of juvenile and not appropriate.As to information on whereabouts and release of a prisoner serving his/her sentence in criminal institution, there is no systems or practices to inform such information to victims.In sum I think it is problematic that criminal justice information is not disclosed but offered based on enclosure. We have to change our mind from a criminal justice agencies centered policy to a general public centered strategy, from a passive receive of information offered by criminal justice agencies to an active activity of recapturing information. Less