A cognitive-Scientific Study on Interaction between Hypotheses and Data in the Process of Forming Theories

我们研究了过程中的心理约束放松作为一个关键因素，获得洞察力，使用发现任务。在我们的实验中，我们设置了各种实验条件。首先，我们介绍了控制心理阻塞因素的三种情况：（1）被试搜索假设空间的情况，（2）被试在不正确的假设空间中坚持阻塞假设的情况，以及（3）被试没有获得上述限制。第二，基于反馈因素，将条件（2）细分为以下两种情况：（2a）来自受试者假设的预测与实验结果大部分缺失的情况，以及（2b）预测和实验结果逐渐分离的情况。实验结果表明，阻塞因子越大，对目标搜索的干扰越明显。特别是，当形成无效阻塞假设的被试只被给予渐进反馈时，被试的绩效 关于我们 此外，我们研究了使用交互式生产系统的协作发现过程。我们控制了认知空间的共享程度：（a）只共享实验空间，（B）也共享假设空间，（c）这两种空间是一体化的。我们比较了在上述三种类型的合作中发现目标的性能与两个系统独立发现目标的情况下的性能。如果前一种情况下的表现超过后一种情况，我们就认可两个系统相互作用所带来的涌现。计算机模拟的结果与我们对合作的一般认识是一致的。也就是说，随着共享公共空间的程度越来越大，两个交互系统进行更深入的协作，交互的效果逐渐增加。如果两个系统通过交换智力上的相互信息来获得最大的合作效果，那么合作就产生了涌现。少

We investigated the process of mental constrains relaxation as a key factor for gaining insight, using a discovery task. In our experiments, we set up for kinds of experimental conditions. First, we introduced three conditions while controlling mental blocking factors : (1) a condition in which subjects searched an hypothesis space, (2) subjects clung a blocking hypothesis in an incorrect hypothesis space, and (3) subjects gained no constrains as above. Second, based on feedback factors, the condition (2) was subdivided into the following to cases : (2a) a case in which a prediction from a subject's hypothesis missed largely from an experimental result, and (2b) a case in which a prediction and an experimental result were separating gradually. The experimental results showed that finding the target was disturbed more remarkably as stronger blocking factors were given. Especially, when subjects who formed an invalid blocking hypothesis were given only gradual feedback, the subjects'perf … More ormance of finding the target extremely declined.Moreover, we investigated collaborative discovery processes using interactive production systems. We controlled the degree of sharing cognitive space : (a) the experimental space was only shared, (b) the hypothesis space was also shared, and (c) these two kinds of space were integrated. We compared the performance of finding targets in the three types of collaboration above with the performance in the case of two systems independently finding targets. If the performance in the former cases exceeds that in the latter case, we approve of emergence brought by interaction by two system. The results of the computer simulations were consistent with our ordinary knowledge on collaboration. That is, as the extent of sharing common space is larger and two interactive systems perform deeper collaboration, the effects of interaction gradually increase. If two systems obtain the maximum effects of collaboration by exchanging intellectually mutual information, collaboration produces emergence. Less