A cognitive-Scientific Study on Interaction between Hypotheses and Data in the Process of Forming Theories

我们使用发现任务，考察了心理约束放松的过程，将其作为获得洞察力的关键因素。在我们的实验中，我们设置了各种实验条件。首先，我们介绍了控制心理障碍因素的三个条件：(1)受试者搜索假设空间的条件；(2)受试者在错误的假设空间中坚持受阻假设的条件；(3)受试者没有获得上述限制的条件。其次，根据反馈因素，条件(2)被细分为以下情况：(2a)从受试者的假设中预测的大部分从实验结果中遗漏的情况，以及(2b)预测和实验结果逐渐分离的情况。实验结果表明，随着阻挡因子的增加，目标的发现受到更大的干扰。特别是，当形成无效阻断假设的受试者只得到渐进反馈时，受试者的…发现目标的次数大大减少。此外，我们使用交互式产生式系统研究了协作发现过程。我们控制了认知空间的共享程度：(A)实验空间只共享，(B)假设空间也共享，以及(C)这两种空间是整合的。我们比较了在上述三种类型的协作中寻找目标的性能与两个系统独立寻找目标的情况下的性能。如果前一种情况的表现超过后一种情况，我们赞成两种制度相互作用带来的涌现。计算机模拟的结果与我们关于合作的常识是一致的。也就是说，随着共享公共空间的程度越大，两个交互系统进行更深层次的协作，交互的效果就会逐渐增加。如果两个系统通过交换智力上的相互信息来获得最大的协作效果，那么协作就会产生。较少

We investigated the process of mental constrains relaxation as a key factor for gaining insight, using a discovery task. In our experiments, we set up for kinds of experimental conditions. First, we introduced three conditions while controlling mental blocking factors : (1) a condition in which subjects searched an hypothesis space, (2) subjects clung a blocking hypothesis in an incorrect hypothesis space, and (3) subjects gained no constrains as above. Second, based on feedback factors, the condition (2) was subdivided into the following to cases : (2a) a case in which a prediction from a subject's hypothesis missed largely from an experimental result, and (2b) a case in which a prediction and an experimental result were separating gradually. The experimental results showed that finding the target was disturbed more remarkably as stronger blocking factors were given. Especially, when subjects who formed an invalid blocking hypothesis were given only gradual feedback, the subjects'perf … More ormance of finding the target extremely declined.Moreover, we investigated collaborative discovery processes using interactive production systems. We controlled the degree of sharing cognitive space : (a) the experimental space was only shared, (b) the hypothesis space was also shared, and (c) these two kinds of space were integrated. We compared the performance of finding targets in the three types of collaboration above with the performance in the case of two systems independently finding targets. If the performance in the former cases exceeds that in the latter case, we approve of emergence brought by interaction by two system. The results of the computer simulations were consistent with our ordinary knowledge on collaboration. That is, as the extent of sharing common space is larger and two interactive systems perform deeper collaboration, the effects of interaction gradually increase. If two systems obtain the maximum effects of collaboration by exchanging intellectually mutual information, collaboration produces emergence. Less