Couples lived (in)equalities at work and home

在大多数工业化国家，包括法国和德国，双职工家庭是常态。然而，收入方面的性别差异仍然存在，妇女在无偿家务劳动上投入的相对时间仍然明显较高。经济学和心理学研究通常认为，职业决定以及在工作和非工作领域花费的相对时间是个人选择。然而，从系统的角度来看，夫妻之间很可能会影响彼此的决定。因此，在家庭或工作中经历的性别规范可能会影响到伴侣，并强化性别文化习俗。在这个研究项目中，我们利用经济学和心理学的理论来研究家庭决策和夫妻行为，以更好地理解平等是如何以及为什么发生和持续的。一是关注职业预期和劳动力市场参与度。我们将检验关于另一方的收入机会和风险厌恶的信念在多大程度上是准确的，以及更多的性别信念是否会导致更低效率的时间分配。此外，我们将研究特别是男性伴侣的职业取向如何影响女性伴侣的职业期望。其次，我们将重点关注一个伴侣的潜在艰苦的劳动力市场经历如何影响其他伴侣。我们将研究与工作相关的疲惫是如何传递给伴侣的，并探讨相互支持的提供是否受到传统角色态度的影响。我们将进一步研究个人在做出自己的劳动决定时如何考虑伴侣的收入稳定性，以及这些影响对男性和女性是否对称。第三，我们将研究与工作和家庭有关的文化规范及其制定方式。特别是，我们将重点关注母亲对父亲在家照顾孩子的活动的沮丧是如何引发不参与的功能失调循环的。最后，我们将研究性别规范的持久性是否取决于它们所指的生活领域（工作、家庭）和夫妇的居住国。在方法上，研究计划结合了实验实验室方法，每日和每周日记调查以及纵向问卷调查和访谈研究。在这个项目的所有部分，我们采用了一个真正的二元视角，通过研究实际同居夫妇的行为和经历。

In most industrialized countries, including France and Germany, dual-earner couples are the norm. Nevertheless, gender differences in income persist, and women's relative time investment in unpaid household work has remained significantly higher. Economic and psychological research often assumes that career decisions and the relative amount of time spent in the work and non-work spheres are individual choices. From a systemic perspective, however, it is likely that couples influence each other's decisions. Gendered norms experienced at home or work might thus crossover on partners and reinforce gendered cultural practices. In this research program, we draw on theories from economics and psychology to examine household decisions and behaviors by couples to better understand how and why (in)equality occurs and persists. First, we will focus on career expectations and labor market participation. We will examine the extent to which beliefs about the other partner’s income opportunities and risk aversion are accurate, and whether more gendered beliefs lead to less efficient time allocation. In addition, we will examine how in particular male partners' career orientation affects female partners' career expectations. Second, we will focus on how potentially strenuous labor market experiences of one partner affects partners. We will examine how work-related exhaustion crosses over to the partner, and explore if mutual support provision is affected by traditional role attitudes. We will further examine how individuals take into account their partner's income (in)stability when making their own labor decisions and whether these effects are symmetric for men and women. Third, we will study work-related and family-related cultural norms and how these are enacted. In particular, we will focus on how discouragement by mothers of fathers' childcare activities at home can set in motion dysfunctional cycles of disengagement. We will finally study whether the persistence of gender norms depends on the life domain they refer to (work, family) and couples’ country of residence. Methodologically, the research program combines experimental laboratory approaches, daily and weekly diary surveys as well as longitudinal questionnaires and interview studies. In all parts of the project, we adopt a true dyadic perspective by examining the behavior and experiences of actual cohabiting couples.