Bipedal walking: a human adaptability

从两个角度研究了人类双足行走：1）从灵长类动物模型的系统发育; 2）从生长和衰老模型的个体发育。这两种观点的提出，为人类历史上首次出现的老年社会中的现代人的两足行走现象提供了一个新的视角。研究报告的一部分印在一本小册子里。进行的个别研究项目如下：木村佑测量了灵长类动物的四肢骨骼，并将其形态与运动能力进行了比较，特别是在前肢和后肢之间的功能分化方面;阿达奇记录了老年人在楼梯上行走的运动学，并研究了衰老的影响;石田对一种第三纪原始人的纳霍拉古猿的髌骨进行了三维研究，并讨论了原始人运动的进化;冈田检查了老年人的肌肉，讨论了收缩速度的延迟;木村忠直观察了肌纤维的组成和面积的老化变化，发现了白色肌纤维的变形和减少;熊仓分析了短锁乳突肌在计算猕猴肌梭和研究人类EMG中的功能; Takahashi通过对119个近期人类骨骼的三维测量分析了髋骨的性别差异; Nishizawa通过主成分分析报告了老年人行走的特征; Hamada在野外分析了蜥蜴的四足运动; Matsumura对人类和黑猩猩股骨的全长进行了CT扫描，并将其与原始人类股骨化石进行了比较; Yamazaki利用三维神经肌肉骨骼模型，通过计算机模拟，展示了髋关节处脊柱向前弯曲的意义。

Human bipedal walking was studied from two points of view: 1) Phylogenetic development viewed from the primate model; and 2) Ontogenetic development from the growth and aging model. The two viewpoints light up the bipedalism of the present humans in the elderly societies which appeared first time during the human history. A part of the study was printed in a booklet. Individual research projects performed were as follows: Tasuku Kimura measured primate limb bones and their morphology was compared to the locomotor repertoires, especially on the functional differentiation between fore- and hindlimbs; Adachi recorded kinematics of elderly walking on the staircase and examined the aging effects; Ishida studied three-dimensionally the patella of Nacholapithecus, a Tertially hominoid, and discussed the evolution of hominoid locomotion; Okada examined the muscle of elderly persons and discussed the delay of the contraction speed; Tadanao Kimura observed the aging change in the composition and area of muscle fibers and found the deformation and reduction of the white muscle fibers; Kumakura analyzed the function of the stenocleidomastoid muscle in counting muscle spindles of macaques and studying the EMG of humans; Takahashi analyzed the sexual differences of hip bones from three-dimensional measurements on 119 recent human bones; Nishizawa reported the characteristics of the elderly walking by means of the principal component analysis; Hamada analyzed the quadrupedal locomotion of anthropoids in the field; Matsumura CT-scaned the total length of human and chimpanzee femora and compared them with the fossil hominid femora; and Yamazaki showed the meaning of the spinal forward bending at hip by means of the computer simulation using a three-dimensional neuro-muscular-skeletal model.