COGNITIVE SCIENCE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW THAT CRITICIZES PSYCHOLOGISM

“心理学”这个词最早出现在1866年。在《哲学理论》一书中，约翰·爱德华·厄德曼用这个词来指代弗里德里希·爱德华·贝内克的哲学。从19世纪末到20世纪初，“逻辑心理主义”是一个有争议的问题。戈特洛布·弗雷格在他的职业生涯中始终坚定地反对心理学。心理学家认为不真实的东西一定是主观的。但弗雷格否认了这一点。他从“客观实体的第三个领域”存在的假设出发。数字和概念是第三个领域的成员。这种非物质的客观性对于所有理性的存在，对于所有能够把握它的人来说都是一样的。在数学和逻辑中，我们可以发现主体间的一致。客观领域取决于达成协议的可能性。换句话说，它取决于“理性”。但是弗雷格从来没有说过“理性哲学”。另一方面，人们普遍认为胡塞尔在《算术哲学》中采取了一种心理学立场，并在《逻辑学》中对弗雷格的批评作出了改变。之后他发展了现象学。但从不同的角度来看，胡塞尔的研究不得不相应地改变他的哲学立场，转向心理学和逻辑学。他的哲学理论稳步发展了在《逻辑论》之前提出的理论。前者着眼于哲学理论的内容，后者着眼于哲学与心理学的关系。所以从表面上看，两者似乎是矛盾的。胡塞尔通过将立场转向心理学来发展他的理论。

The term 'Psychologism' was first used in 1866. In Gurndris der Geschichte der Philosophie, Johan Eduard Erdmann used this term for the philosophy of Friedrich Eduard Beneke. From the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century 'logical psychologism' was a matter of controversy. Gottlob Frege remained resolutely antipsychological throughout his career. The psychological logicians assumed that what is not real must be subjective. But Frege denies this. He started from the assumption that 'a third realm of objective entities' exists. Numbers and concepts are members of the third realm. This nonphysical objectivity is the same for all rational being, for all who are capable of grasping it. In mathematics and logic, we can find the intersubjective agreements. The objective realm depends on this possibility of agreements. In other words, it depends on 'reason'. But Frege never spoke of 'philosophy of reason'.On the other hand, it is the general view that Edmund Husserl took a psychological position in his Philosophie der Arithmetik and changes the standpoint in Logische Untersuchungen in response to Frege's criticism. After that he developed his phenomenology. But from a different viewpoint Husserl's investigation had to change corresponding his philosophical position to psychology and logic. His philosophical theory steadily developed the theory presented before Logische Untersuchungen. Whereas the former view is oriented to the content of philosophical theory, the later one is oriented the relation between philosophy and psychology. So on the surface both seem to be contradictory. Husserl developed his theory through changing the position to psychology.