Study on cultural adaptation system during transitional period from Pleistocene to Holocene in Eastern Siberia and Far East

1. 为了进行研究，我们收集了有关西伯利亚史前的考古资料，并制作了野生动物、渔具、槽骨轴和斧头的遗址清单。为了阐明西伯利亚更新世-全新世过渡时期文化适应的某些方面，我们研究了西伯利亚每个地区从旧石器时代晚期到青铜时代早期的气候、植物群、狩猎动物、石器组合、捕鱼技术和定居模式。在西伯利亚，虽然冰川后各地区、各时期的气候不同，但在花粉分析中普遍以寒冷干燥气候为主。这一时期的景观特点是开阔的环境，覆盖着草原或森林草原的植物群。在大约7000年前的新石器时代早期，石业发生了显著的变化。然后是中石器时代。在中石器时代早期，狩猎形式从食草狩猎转变为浏览器狩猎，伴随着全新世早期（PB期和BO期）的变暖，森林进一步扩张。然而，在这一时期，不能认为是该地区旧石器时代晚期以来的传统狩猎工具标枪和刀的变化。相反，功能专门的渔具的出现表明，史前人类为了弥补大型狩猎动物的减少，发展了利用鱼类等新的各种资源的技术，从而获得了稳定的食物供应。在新石器时代早期，狩猎装备发生了新的变化。弓箭、斧头和匕首代替了标枪。这与大西洋期第二次变暖事件（AT-3期）中最暖期阔叶树向西伯利亚南部扩张的时间相吻合。陶器的出现和普及也是在这一时期发生的。它似乎是利用植物资源，例如坚果和根，而不是利用鱼类和贝类。此外，还有一种可能是微刀片工业和最古老的陶器在这一地区相伴而生。就该地区的聚落系统特征而言，整个旧石器时代的聚落系统都具有迁移成本高的特点。然而，在新石器时代的后半期，定居的程度上升，并成为目前的生活方式。因此，西伯利亚亚北极地区更新世末至全新世早期适应策略的差异，明显受到“森林”和“生物量”相对程度的严重影响。从这个角度来看，该地区可以分为两个主要地区，西伯利亚东部地区和远东地区。这些地区的生物适应程度差异极大，本研究证实日本绳纹文化的文化适应模式与绳纹文化的文化适应模式较为相似。根据近年来在阿穆尔河盆地和远东地区的考古研究，在考古背景下重新思考了一些关于石料组合、遗址和早期陶瓷的问题。在研究报告中，我们对这些问题进行了论证，并将考古资料的清单和照片记录在CD上

1. For research we gathered some archaeological data concerning to Siberian Prehistory and made the site lists of vurials, fishing implements, grooved bone shafts and axe.2. In order to clarify some aspects of cultural adaptation at the transitional period of the Pleistocene - Holocene epoch in Siberia, we examined climate, flora, game animals, stone assemblages, fishing technique and settlement pattern from the Upper Paleolithic era to the early Bronze Age in Siberia at each area.In Siberia, though the climates were different in each area and period during Post-glacial, Generally cold and dry climate was dominant concerning to the pollen analysis. At this time the landscape was characterized by open environment covered with flora of steppe or forest steppe. A conspisuous change of stone industry occurred at the early Neolithic era, approximately 7,000 Years ago. Then Mesolithic era. In the Early Mesolithic era hunting form shifted from grazer hunting to browser hunting accompanied wit … More h expansion of forest depending on warming at early Holocene (phase PB and BO). In this time, houever, it could not be regarded that the change of hunting equipment consisting of javelin and knife that were traditional tools since the Upper Paleolithic era in this region. In rather, the appearance of functionally specialized fishing implements sugests that in order to make up for decrease of big game animals, the prehistoric humans debeloped the utilizing technique of new various resources like fishes which give them stabilized food supply.It was the Early Neolithic era that the hunting equipment changed newly. Bow and arrow, ax and dagger appeared instead of javelins. It coincides with the time of expansion of broadleaf tree to the southern Siberia suited to the most warmish term in the second warming event of Atlantic term (phase AT-3). Appearance and popularization of earthenware also at this area occured for this time. It seems that its moment was utilization of plant resources, for example nuts and roots, rather than of fishes and shellfishes. Further, there is a possibility that micro-blade industry and the oldest earthenware accopanied in this area.Concerning to the character of settlement system in this region, it is characterized by expensive migratory all through the Upper Paleolithic era. However, newly in the second half of the Neolithic era, the degree of settling rose and became near way of life at present.As a result, as for the difference of adaptation strategies in Siberian sub-arctic zone from the end of the Pleistocene epoch to the early Holocene epoch, it have became clear that it was influenced seriously by relative degree of "forest" and "biomass". On this point of view, the area could be diveded into two major areas, the Earstern Siberia and Far East district. The degree of biohm what they have is diffent extremely between these areas and in this study it have been ratified that the pattern of cultural adaptation of the Jomon culture in Japan is relatively resemble to the latter.3. According to the recent archaeological researches in Amur basin and Far East, we reconsidered some problems on stone assemblages, sites and initial ceramics in the archaeological context.4. In the research report, we argued these problems and recorded the lists and photograph of archaeological materials on CD. Less