Research into Reforms of Grants -in aid System in Nixon, Reagan and Clinton Administrations

从1970年至今，我们目睹了联邦政府对州和地方政府拨款制度的剧烈改革和重组。第一项重要改革是尼克松政府建立了收入分成制度。第二个重要的重组是里根政府大幅削减联邦拨款和巩固分类拨款。第三项重要改革是1996年克林顿政府的福利改革。三次改革和重组是美国联邦拨款制度发展中具有划时代意义的事件。这些事件的发生都与战后美国政治经济的转型有关。从这个角度来看，我们可以把1960年的“伟大社会”理解为美国福利国家制度的发展，把尼克松的新联邦主义理解为对1960年福利国家制度的重新思考。但是，我们应该把1972年的一般收入分成看作是福利保障制度的进步而不是倒退。与此相反，里根的政策是……更多的联邦拨款援助系统意味着对福利国家系统的正面攻击。事实上，里根通过1981年的《综合预算和解法案》成功地大幅削减了联邦拨款，并将许多分类拨款合并为整体拨款。但是，他长期以来大胆削减福利项目和联邦拨款的梦想从那以后就没有实现。1996年的《个人责任与工作机会和解法》（PRWORA）是对福利计划的重大改革。它废除了AFDC计划，取而代之的是向各州提供的一项名为贫困家庭临时援助（TANE）的整体拨款。取消个人领取家庭援助津贴的权利。该法令对成年人使用TANE基金获得现金援助规定了五年的限制，对单身母亲家庭的待遇通常很严厉。由于这些补助制度的改革，大城市内城区和贫困人口的问题更加严重，未来可能会成为美国社会的更大问题。少

We witnessed drastic reforms and restructurings of federal grants systems to state and local governments from 1970' to today. First important reform was creation of General Revenue Sharing system in Nixon administration. Second important restructuring was drastic cuts of federal grants and consolidation of categorical grants in Reagan administration. Third important reform was welfare reform of 1996 in Clinton Administration. Three reforms and restructurings were epoch-making events in the developments of federal grants system in the United States. These events have occurred in relation to the transformation of American post-war political economy.From the point of view, we can grasp the Great Society of 1960' as development of American welfare state system and Nixon's New Federalism as reconsideration of welfare sate system of 1960'. However, we should grasp 1972 General Revenue Sharing as a progress of welfare sate system rather than a retreat. In contrast to that, Reagan's policy tow … More ard federal grants-in aid system means a frontal attack to the welfare state system. In fact, Reagan succeeded in cutting federal grants drastically and consolidating many categorical grants into block grants by Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981. But, his long-cherished dream of bold cutting of welfare programs and federal grants has not come true after that.The personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 was drastic reform of welfare program. It abolished the AFDC program and replaced by a block grant to the states called temporary assistance to needy families (TANE). Individual entitlement to family assistance benefits was ended. The statute puts a five-year limit on adults' receipt of cash assistance using TANE funds and is generally severe in treatment of single mother families.As a result of these grants system reforms, problems of inner city districts and poor people in large cities have been more serious and it may be bigger problems to American society in the future. Less