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Cultural Anthropological Studies on Leather and Hide Manufacturing Using Animal Skin in the Northern Pacific Rim

北太平洋沿岸地区使用兽皮制造皮革和生皮的文化人类学研究

基本信息

批准号：
12610323
负责人：
TEZUKA Kaoru
金额：
$ 1.47万
依托单位：
THE HISTORICAL MUSEUM OF HOKKAIDO
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2000
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2000 至 2002
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-12610323/
关键词：
Tanning Method Tungus Paleo-Asia The Northern Pacific Rim Brain Tanning Beaver Sea Otter Global Economy ニブフエヴェンアイヌ N.G.マンローアザラシトナカイ皮なめしサハリン千島クロテン

项目摘要

In northern Pacific Rim regions, animal skin has long been used as a material forvarious products of all sizes because of its significant workability and heat-retaining and water-resistant properties. This material does, however, need to be tanned before use. This is tedious and time-consuming process. Previous studies on the tanning techniques of northern ethnic groups were generally based on simple logic that contrasts two opposing factors - crude Paleo-Asiatic skills and complicated Tungusic techniques - and simply concluded that the former was overtaken by the latter. It is unnatural, however, to assume that tanning techniques, once established, remained as they were. Even in the tundra area, complicated tanning techniques (e.g., the use of a mixture of liver and brain or smoking) came into practice and the tools used for these techniques were improved accordingly. Also, different techniques and tools were used depending on the type of leather and its intended use. Simple skills we … More re often combined with more complicated ones. Through this study, it was substantiated that fur manufacturing techniques did not develop in a limited cultural domain or under a specific natural environment, but that they changed variably through involvement in a market economy, commodity trade, and job specialization systems, which were expanded in conjunction with increasing contact between ethnic groups and the advancement of the Western powers. Another focus of this study is the tanning and distribution of beaver and sea otter skins, which came to be valued highly in the modem market, with consideration of the policies of statutory companies that intended to exploit fur in the occupied area.In response to the rising demand for fur in the European and Chinese markets, a rapid increase in fur production by indigenous people occurred. The development of tanning techniques for small fur animals led to the introduction of more efficient technologies. This study highlights defects in previous studies that are characterized by their conservative attitudes of paying attention solely to traditional skills that were only applicable to large animals in specific areas. Also, because this study did not consider specific regions, but rather the overall northern Pacific Rim area, it was possible to successfully clarify the characteristics of each region. Less

在环太平洋北部地区，动物皮长期以来一直被用作各种尺寸产品的材料，因为它具有显著的可加工性、保温性和防水性。然而，这种材料在使用前确实需要晒黑。这是一个冗长而耗时的过程。以前对北方民族制革技术的研究通常基于简单的逻辑，将两个相反的因素——原始的古亚洲技术和复杂的通古斯技术——进行对比，并简单地得出前者被后者超越的结论。然而，假设鞣制技术一旦建立，就会保持原样，这是不自然的。即使在冻土带地区，复杂的制革技术（例如，使用肝和脑的混合物或吸烟）开始实行，用于这些技术的工具也相应得到改进。此外，根据皮革的类型和预期用途，使用了不同的技术和工具。简单的技能更多的是和复杂的技能结合在一起。通过这项研究，证实了毛皮制造技术并不是在一个有限的文化领域或特定的自然环境下发展起来的，而是通过参与市场经济、商品贸易和职业专业化系统而发生了变化，这些系统随着民族之间日益增加的联系和西方列强的进步而扩大。本研究的另一个重点是海狸和海獭皮的制革和分销，这在现代市场上被高度重视，并考虑到打算在被占领地区开采毛皮的法定公司的政策。为了应对欧洲和中国市场对皮草日益增长的需求，土著居民的皮草生产迅速增加。小型毛皮动物制革技术的发展导致了更高效技术的引入。这项研究突出了以往研究的缺陷，其特点是他们的保守态度，只关注传统技能，这些技能只适用于特定地区的大型动物。此外，由于本研究没有考虑具体区域，而是考虑整个环太平洋北部地区，因此有可能成功地阐明每个区域的特征。少