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The Mechanism of Party Transformation in the United States The Case of the Republican Party from 1970s to 2000

美国政党转型机制——以2070年代至2000年共和党为例

基本信息

批准号：
12620090
负责人：
KUBO Fumiaki
金额：
$ 1.28万
依托单位：
The University of Tokyo (2003)Keio University (2000-2002)
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2000
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2000 至 2003
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The Republican Party in the United States has undergone a rather dramatic transformation from a party dominated by the moderates to one overwhelmingly controlled by the conservatives in the period between late 1960s and the mid-1990. It is true that some of the factors such as the change in the South and the increasing acceptance of Reaganism among the wider electorate, which many prior research had pointed out as causes for the transformation, were responsible for the rise of the conservatives in the party. Any serious research, however, must start by recognizing the fact that the transformation since the late 1960s took place without "critical elections," while most of the changes in the past in the nature of U.S. political parties occurred at and brought about by critical elections and the change in the party system. What is needed now is a new conceptual tool to grasp the more gradual transformation that could take place without critical elections. In this regard, this research project has focused on the transformation of the coalitions of the groups, political movements, and social movements that are Republican Party oriented. They four-year research has paid special attention to the so called Wednesday Meeting held by Americans for Tax Reform where most of the conservative groups that are officially outside the Republican Party but are trying to help it. Since the mid-1990s, there emerged thick and multi-layered networks of conservatives, including activists, politicians at the federal, state, and local levels, lobbyists, think tank researchers, staffers on the Hill, journalists, and leaders of various advocacy groups. The conservatives liked with the networks have been successful in mobilizing many kinds of resources such as money, votes, volunteers, policy ideas, and promising candidates. It seems that these networks have now started to spread all over the country, penetrating even the state politics.

从20世纪60年代末到90年代中期，美国共和党经历了一个相当戏剧性的转变，从一个由温和派主导的政党转变为一个由保守派压倒性控制的政党。的确，一些因素，如南方的变化和更广泛的选民对里根主义的接受程度越来越高，是党内保守派崛起的原因，许多先前的研究都指出了这一转变的原因。然而，任何严肃的研究都必须首先认识到这样一个事实，即自20世纪60年代末以来的转型是在没有“关键选举”的情况下发生的，而过去美国政党性质的大多数变化都是在关键选举和政党制度的变化中发生的，并由这些变化带来的。现在需要的是一种新的概念工具，以把握在没有关键选举的情况下可能发生的更渐进的变革。在这方面，本研究项目侧重于以共和党为导向的团体联盟、政治运动和社会运动的转变。这项为期四年的研究特别关注了由美国人举行的所谓的“周三税务改革会议”，大多数正式脱离共和党的保守团体都在努力帮助共和党。自20世纪90年代中期以来，出现了广泛而多层次的保守派网络，包括活动家、联邦、州和地方各级的政治家、游说者、智库研究人员、国会山工作人员、记者和各种倡导团体的领导人。保守派喜欢的网络成功地调动了金钱、选票、志愿者、政策理念和有前途的候选人等多种资源。这些网络现在似乎已经开始遍布全国，甚至渗透到国家政治中。