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A Comparative Study on the Environmental Policy Formation in the United States and Japan : The Case of the Pollution Prevention Idea

美日环境政策形成比较研究:以污染防治理念为例

基本信息

批准号：
07452010
负责人：
KUBO Fumiaki
金额：
$ 1.79万
依托单位：
Keio University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1995
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1995 至 1997
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This project has put its focus on how an idea of pollution prevention as an alternative to the so-called command-and-control approach was born, spread, accecpted by a wider policy circle, and finally legislated into law by U.S.Congress. It also analyzed the extent to which it has been backed up by the Environmental Protection Agency since it was legislated in 1990.This research found that various actors such as state governments, private companies, environmental organizations, grass-roots organizations, and some research institutes playd an importnat role in developing the idea of pollution prevention.lt also made it clear that an issue-network in this particular policy area contributed much to the formation and the sophistication of the pollution prevention bill, which included several environmental groups, staff to some Congressmen, staff to congressional committees, the Office of Technology Assessment, a few research institutes, and a congressional caucus.There was an opposition in … More the Senate. Several Republican Senators from the Western States were opposed to the Pollution Prevention Bill, but it was mostly through the power of the idea of pollution prevention, an idea to cut the pollution at its source, that the bill was able to muster enough support in the Congress both from the Democrats and Republicans.It is also important that environmental groups are not only political organizations exerting political presureon the politicians, but also research organizations or even think-tanks, employing on a full time basis a number of specialists and experts in many fields having so much of expertise. They were able to translate results of scientific research into politically relevant reports, ideas or bills. They were able to form a central part of the issue-network in the policy domain of pollution prevention.After legislated, the pollution prevention approach was regarded as the most promising method by the EPA leadership to deal with contemporary pollution problems that the conventional conmmand-and-control approach cannot effectively solve.The idea of pollution prevention thus developed was conveyed to and absorbed by the envionmental specialists in Japan as an zero-emmision approach. It is a very good illustration of the ideas and movements crossing national boundaries very fast and very easily. Less

这个项目的重点是如何污染预防的想法，作为一种替代所谓的命令和控制的方法是诞生，传播，接受了更广泛的政策圈，并最终立法成为法律的美国国会。本文还分析了自1990年立法以来环境保护局对污染概念的支持程度。研究发现，州政府、私营公司、环保组织、基层组织和一些研究机构等各种行为体在发展污染概念方面发挥了重要作用prevention.lt。在这一特定政策领域的一个网络对污染防治法案的形成和完善做出了很大贡献，其中包括几个环境组织，一些国会议员的工作人员，国会委员会的工作人员，技术评估办公室，一些研究机构和国会核心小组。 ...更多信息参议院美国西部几个州的共和党参议员反对污染防治法案，但主要是通过污染防治思想的力量，从源头上减少污染，该法案能够在国会获得民主党和共和党的足够支持。同样重要的是，环保组织不仅是对政治家施加政治压力的政治组织，而且还有研究机构，甚至智囊团，全职聘请了许多专家和许多领域的专家，他们具有如此丰富的专业知识。他们能够将科学研究成果转化为具有政治意义的报告、想法或法案。它们能够在污染预防政策领域形成问题网络的核心部分。环境保护局的领导层认为污染预防方法是处理当代污染问题的最有前途的方法，而传统的要求和这种污染防治的思想被日本的环境专家所吸收，零排放的方法。它很好地说明了思想和运动非常迅速和非常容易地跨越国界。少