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Internal and External Restrictions of the Freedom of Contract

契约自由的内部和外部限制

基本信息

批准号：
13620058
负责人：
UCHIDA Katsuichi
金额：
$ 1.02万
依托单位：
Waseda University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2001
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2001 至 2003
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13620058/
关键词：
Freedom of Contract Contractual justice Essential obligation of contract Good morals and public policy Market-individual intervention Consumer-welfare intervention Internal restriction of the freedom of contract Protection of socially weaker

项目摘要

This research clarifies internal and external restrictions over the freedom of contract. The contemporary welfare capitalist countries intervene into a market economy system in order to achieve socio-economic purposes. The background reasons, the methods to intervene, and the degree of intervention differ from country to country, however, most researchers agree that there are three different types, based on the differences of de-commodification and stratification of social services. In the field of legal studies, with regard to intervention through legislation and court decisions, there are two different types, formalism and realism. Within the realism intervention, market-individualism and consumer-welfarerism can be recognized.According to the results of recent research, the freedom of contract has been restricted by traditional ideals of equity and fairness until the end of 18th century. The concepts of a contractual justice, a true nature of contract, and an essential obligation of contract were used in French civil law. In German civil law, principles of the good morals and public policy were used and internal restrictions of contract are included in German Civil Code. In a contemporary welfare society, there are many examples of external restrictions over the freedom of contract based on the idea of the protection of socially and economically weaker parties. In French and German legal studies, these external restrictions are provided by special legislations. The separation of internal and external restrictions of the freedom of contract was not known in Japanese legal research, this research clarified the importance of this separation or classification.

本研究厘清了契约自由的内在与外在限制。当代福利资本主义国家干预市场经济体系是为了实现社会经济目的。各国的干预背景、干预方式和干预程度各不相同，但大多数研究者认为，基于社会服务去商品化和分层的差异，存在三种不同的类型。在法律的研究领域，关于通过立法和法院判决进行干预，有两种不同的类型，即形式主义和现实主义。在现实主义的介入下，市场个人主义和消费者福利主义得以确认，根据最新的研究结果，契约自由直到世纪末一直受到传统的公平和公正理念的限制。契约正义、契约的真正性质和契约的基本义务等概念在法国民法中得到了运用。在德国民法中，德国民法典采用了良好道德原则和公共政策原则，并规定了合同的内部限制。在现代福利社会中，基于保护社会和经济弱势方的理念，对契约自由进行外部限制的例子很多。在法国和德国的法律的研究中，这些外部限制是由特别立法规定的。日本法律的研究中没有将契约自由的内部限制与外部限制区分开来，本文阐明了这种区分或分类的重要性。