Comparative study on the theory of the civil society and the welfare state in civil law

民法以公民自由、自由和平等为前提的市民社会为前提，同时构成了以保护私有财产和尊重契约自由为基础的市场经济体制的基础。第二次世界大战结束以来，西欧国家和日本的政治目标都是实现福利社会，尽管实现的程度因国而异。战后初期的日本民法理论主要集中于劳动关系中半封建雇佣关系的废除问题、农村社会中的佃户与公地权问题、城市中的地主与佃户问题。当时的日本民事律师想要实现日本社会的现代化，实现公民的自由和平等。公民权利或法律与社会权利或法律的比较成为讨论的主题。他们支持公民为保护自由和平等而提出的要求和行动，并打算建立促进公民社会和福利社会的法律理论。到20世纪60年代末，大多数西方国家和日本都实现了福利社会的理念，但到70年代，由于政府削减开支，福利国家计划开始衰落。20世纪90年代，由于经济的全球化，对福利国家进行重组和重构的必要性日益凸显。在政治理论和社会学领域，提出了共存、团结等新思想，并采用了社会排斥、社会包容等概念，从而形成了公民理论。然而，最近一段时间以来，大多数民法理论家都集中于建立促进经济活动的法律规则。他们主要讨论了市场经济体制的法律基础建设问题。然后，他们强调自我决定和自我责任。试图将福利要素纳入民法并实现社会正义和平等的法理似乎从民法主流中消失了。本研究以政治理论和社会学的最新发展为基础，试图重构民法理论，以实现将福利要素纳入民法的市民社会，考察战后民法理论的历史，并试图分析福利取向的民法理论的理论结构。少

Civil law presupposes the civil society which is based on the civil liberty, freedom and equality, and at the same time, forms the foundation of market economy system which is based on the protection of private property and respect for the freedom of contract.Since the end of world war second, the political objective of both Western European countries and Japan has been an accomplishment of the welfare society although the degree of realization may differ from country to country. Japanese civil law theory during the early post war period, concentrated on the legal problems of the abolishment of semi-feudalistic employment relationship in labor relation, on agrarian tenants and right to commons in rural society, and on landlord and tenants in urban cities. Civil lawyers in Japan at that time wanted to modernize Japanese society, and to achieve a realization of civil liberty and equality. A comparison of the civil right, or law and the social right, or law became a main theme of discussi … More on. They supported demands and movements of citizens for the protection of freedom and equality, and intended to establish legal theory for the advancement of civil and welfare society.By the end of 1960's, most of western countries and Japan accomplished the idea of welfare society, however, during the 1970's, owing to government expenditure cuts, the welfare state programs started to decline. During the 1990's, because of the globalization of economy, there arises a necessity to reorganize and reconstruct the welfare state.In the fields of political theory and sociology, instead of the idea of unification of national, new ideas, such as coexistence and solidarity were proposed, concepts of a social exclusion and an inclusion were used, in order to form the theory of citizenship.In recent days, however, most of civil law theorists concentrated to establish legal rules for the promotion of economic activities. They mainly discussed on the question of the formulation of legal infrastructure for market economy system. Then, they emphasized self decision and self responsibility. The legal theory which tried to encompass welfare elements into civil law and to achieve social justice and equality seemed to disappeared from the main stream of civil law.In this research, based on recent developments in political theory and sociology, the investigator intends to reconstruct civil law theory to achieve civil society which includes welfare elements into civil law, examines the history of post war civil law theory and tries to analyze theoretical structure of welfare orientated civil law theory. Less