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Measuring the Degree of Market Distortion through Price Discrimination for Hidden Export Subsidies Generated by State Trading Enterprises

通过价格歧视衡量国营贸易企业隐性出口补贴的市场扭曲程度

基本信息

批准号：
13660222
负责人：
SUZUKI Nobuhiro
金额：
$ 1.92万
依托单位：
Kyushu University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2001
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2001 至 2002
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Several state trading enterprises (STEs) currently exist in the world, which act as export monopolies. Examples include the Canadian Dairy Commission (CDC), Canadian Wheat Board (CWB), Australian Dairy Corporation (ADC), Australian Wheat Board (AWB), and the New Zealand Dairy Board (NZDB). One of the most important roles of these enterprises is the implementation of price discrimination between domestic and export markets, and/or price discrimination among export markets, to maximize the total sales values. When there are higher prices for some markets, lower prices for other markets, and pooled revenues distributed to farmers, the system is equivalent to a "consumer financed" export subsidy. Indeed, the CDC's "special" milk class system, which creates substantially lower prices for milk used for exporting products, was already judged to be an export subsidy by the WTO court. Legal questions still remain as to whether other exporting STEs such as the CWB, ADC, AWB, and NZDB are exempted from rules for eliminating export subsidy schemes under the WTO agreements. In examining the issue of whether existing STEs violate the WTO agreement, it is useful to have a theoretical and empirical measurement of the degree of market distortion caused by price discrimination practices of the STEs. Several studies have analyzed price discrimination by STEs, but a practical measure of market distortion caused by these enterprises has not yet been developed. In this research project, we developed a theoretical and practical measurement of the degree of market distortion due to price discrimination for hidden export subsidies by STE, and we also developed a practical generalized definition of Export Subsidy Equivalents (ESEs) applicable to "consumer financed" hidden export subsidies as well as ordinal "taxpayer financed" export subsidies.

目前世界上存在着几家国有贸易企业(STE)，它们充当着出口垄断的角色。例如，加拿大乳业委员会(CDC)、加拿大小麦委员会(CWB)、澳大利亚乳业公司(ADC)、澳大利亚小麦委员会(AWB)和新西兰乳业委员会(NZDB)。这些企业最重要的作用之一是在国内和出口市场之间实行价格歧视，和/或在出口市场之间实行价格歧视，以实现总销售额的最大化。当一些市场的价格较高，其他市场的价格较低，并将汇集的收入分配给农民时，这一制度相当于“消费者出资”的出口补贴。事实上，美国疾病控制与预防中心的“特殊”牛奶等级制度已被WTO法庭判定为出口补贴。该制度为用于出口产品的牛奶创造了大幅降低的价格。关于CWB、ADC、AWB和NZDB等其他出口企业是否不受世贸组织协议下取消出口补贴计划的规则的限制，法律问题仍然存在。在审查现有企业是否违反世贸组织协议的问题上，对企业价格歧视做法造成的市场扭曲程度进行理论和经验衡量是有用的。一些研究已经分析了科技企业的价格歧视，但还没有制定出衡量这些企业造成市场扭曲的实用指标。在本研究项目中，我们对科技企业隐性出口补贴的价格歧视所造成的市场扭曲程度进行了理论和实践上的测量，并提出了适用于“消费者出资”的隐性出口补贴和依次为“纳税人出资”的出口补贴等价物(ESES)的实用广义定义。