Comparative Study between Japanese and US Comprehensive Management Policies toward Enclosed Coastal Areas -from the Viewpoint of the History of "Adaptive Management".

我们可以在马里兰州（2002年1月、2003年1月）进行调查，并通过联邦机构（如EPA）、州机构、研究人员、渔民和公民的听证会获得宝贵的信息。此外，通过日本三重县环境厅的听证会，我们可以对日本内湾管理的方法进行考察，特别是对水质控制政策和非点源污染控制和排放总量调节计划进行分析。研究结果表明：关注日美关系的崛起过程。以美国的旧金山湾、切萨皮克湾和日本的伊势湾、濑户内海为例，在两国行政关系的不同背景下，对决策系统的结构、水质控制政策等方面进行了比较考察。在考察“生态系统管理”过程时，更多地考虑到当地的个性和两国的个性，结果表明，美国从早期就有了针对“生态系统管理”的制度支持，日本最近也在逐步走向这一过程。此外，事实证明，切萨皮克湾计划的内湾模式是通过一个中立组织的存在而发展起来的，该组织促进了不同专业研究领域之间的合作，改进了计算机系统，并在功能划分的专业组织之间进行了信息交换。该中立机构正在举办水质模型外部评价研讨会，以促进各研究人员之间的交流。此外，研究表明，采用切萨皮克湾项目模型的原因与“适应性管理”（Adaptive Management）和“生态系统管理”（ecosystem Management）密切相关，这两种管理据称在20世纪90年代中期之后在美国已成为一种技术标准。少

We could investigate in Maryland State (January, 2002, January, 2003), and could get precious information through the hearing of federal agencies, such as EPA, state agencies, researchers, fishermen, and citizens. Moreover, we could investigate about the method of inner bay management of Japan, especially analyze about the water-quality-control policy and non-point pollution control and regulation-of-total-emission program through the hearing of the Environment Agency Japan Mie Prefecture. As a result, the following conclusions were pointed out.Paying attention to the standup process of Japan-U.S. inner bay management systems, comparison examination was carried out at the structure of the decision-making systems, with relation to water-quality-control policy, under the different background of administrations relationship of both countries, etc. having taken up San Francisco Bay and Chesapeake Bay in the United States and Ise Bay, Seto Inland Sea in Japan. When standup process was inves … More tigated taking into consideration local individuality and the individuality according to both countries, it turned out that the United States have got institutional backup to target "ecosystem management" from early days and Japan is gradually moving toward such process recently.Moreover, it turned out that the inner bay model of the Chesapeake Bay program have developed by existence of a neutral organization for promoting collaboration between different special fields of study, improvement in computer systems, and the information exchange among special organizations divided functionally. The neutral organization is holding the workshop for the external evaluation of a water quality model, in order to promote the exchange between various researchers. Moreover, it was shown that the reason for using the Chesapeake Bay program model is close connection with "the adaptation-management (Adaptive Management)" and "ecosystem management" which are said to have become a technique standard after the middle of the 1990s in the United States. Less