Analyses of Porphyria Caused by Environmental Pollutants : Concerted Reaction and Tempo of Heme and Porphyrin Syntheses

在真核生物中，当细胞面临诸如氨基酸短缺、内质网压力和病毒感染等紧急情况时，蛋白质合成就会终止。红细胞的翻译启动受真核细胞启动因子2a(真核细胞启动因子2的a亚基；eIF2α)激酶或血红素调节的抑制物(Hri)的调节。在红细胞中，当细胞面临血红素铁复合体短缺等紧急情况时，蛋白质合成就会终止。HRI感应并调节对Fe(II)-原卟啉IX(血红素)浓度变化的反应。在正常情况下，当有足够的血红素时，HRI不会磷酸化eIF2α，但当血红素短缺时，它通过磷酸化eIF2a来维持血红素与球蛋白的比例为1：1，这启动了蛋白质合成的终止。虽然HRI被报道可以感知网织红细胞或红细胞中的血红素浓度，但分子机制，特别是N-末端结构域在其寡聚、激酶功能和血红素感知中的作用，仍然不清楚。此外，关于血红素如何结合到催化区域并调节催化作用，血红素结合的化学计量比，以及哪些残基是血红素铁的轴向配体，人们知之甚少。在本研究中，我们试图通过产生N端截断突变体、His突变体、Cys突变体并检测催化功能、血红素亲和力和血红素配位结构，来阐明血红素和蛋白质合成的协同反应是如何耦合的。我们还检测了环境污染的重金属离子对HRI激酶活性的影响。结果表明，NO增强了HRI的催化作用，NO恢复抑制了血红素和胆红素的催化作用，重金属离子抑制了催化作用。这些结果将有助于理解环境污染物引起的卟啉中毒的分子机制。

In eukaryotes, protein synthesis is terminated when cells face an emergency such as a shortage of amino acids, stress to the endoplasmic reticulum, and viral infection. Translation initiation in the red cell is regulated by eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (a-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 ; eIF2α) kinases or HRI (heme-regulated inhibitor). In the red cell, protein synthesis is terminated when cells face an emergency such as shortage of the heme iron complex. HRI senses and mediates responses to changes in the Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (heme) concentration. Under normal conditions when there is sufficient heme, HRI does not phosphorylate eIF2α, but when there is a shortage of heme, it acts to maintain the heme-to-globin ratio at 1:1 by phosphorylating eIF2a, which initiates the termination of protein synthesis. Although HRI is reported to sense the heme concentration in reticulocytes or red blood cells the molecular mechanisms, in particular the role of the N-terminal domain in its oligomerization, kinase function, and heme sensing, have remained elusive. In addition, little is known regarding how heme binds to the catalytic domain and regulates catalysis, the stoichiometry of heme binding, and which residues are axial ligands for the heme iron. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate how the concerted reactions of the heme and protein syntheses are coupled by generating the N-terminal truncated mutants, His mutants, Cys mutants and examining the catalytic function, heme affinities, and heme coordination structures. We also examined effects of environmentally polluted heavy metal cations on the kinase activities of HRI. It was found that NO enhances catalysis of HRI, NO recovers inhibited calysis by heme and bilirubin and heavy metal cations inhibit catalysis. The results obtained will be helpful to understand the molecular mechanism of porphyria caused by environmental pollutants.