Gender and Ethnicity in British Economic History in the 19^<th>and 20^<th>Century

主要研究领域是第二次世界大战后来到英国的女性移民和对她们的政策。不是集中于某一特定族裔群体，而是集中于妇女工作的某一特定部门，该部门正遭受严重的劳动力短缺，即医院的家政人员。通过这样做，研究已经能够表明劳动力市场是随着性别和种族界限以及政府在政策背后对性别和种族的强烈心态而构建和重新构建的。虽然家政人员是医院必不可少的工作，但这种工作一直被认为是地位低、报酬低的工作。战时的劳动力短缺使英国的医院失去了可能的女工来源。虽然卫生部试图通过改善工作条件来招募和留住妇女，但他们把目光转向了爱尔兰妇女。在未能获得足够的工人后，他们把注意力集中在流离失所的欧洲人，特别是波罗的海的妇女。招募流离失所者的好处是，可以利用驱逐的可能性作为威胁，把他们留在最需要的地方。在波罗的海妇女枯竭后，政府转向乌克兰人和波兰人，然后转向德国人和奥地利人。与男性同行一起，她们被称为欧洲志愿工作者（evw）。另一方面，西印度群岛人民对EVW计划感到不满。作为英国人，他们认为应该优先考虑进入英国劳动力市场。在殖民地不断增加的压力下，卫生部试探性地实施了从巴巴多斯招募妇女的类似计划。到20世纪50年代初，西印度移民开始抵达英国和劳工部，其区域办事处急于为西印度移民找到工作，并在适当时候将西印度妇女安置在医院的家庭工作人员中。

The main research area has been the women immigrants who came to Britain just after Second World War and the policies towards them. Instead of concentrating upon a particular ethnic group, focus was put on a particular sector of women's work, which was suffering severe labor shortages, that is, domestic staff in hospital. By doing so, the research has been able to show that the labor market was structured and re-structured along with the gender and ethnicity line and the Government's strong mindset on gender and ethnicity behind the policy.Although domestic staffs were indispensable for hospitals, the work had been regarded as low status and low paid job. The war-time labor shortages drained hospitals of possible sources of women workers in Britain. While the Ministry of Health tried to recruit and retain women by improving working conditions, they turned their eyes to Irish women. After failing to gain enough workers, they focused on the displaced European persons, especially Baltic women. The advantages of recruiting displaced person was that they could be retained where they were needed most by using possibility of expulsion as a threat. After Baltic women dried up the Government turn to the Ukrainians and the Polish and then Germans and Austrians. With their male counterpart, they were called the European Voluntary Workers(EVWs).On the other hand, the West Indian people were discontented the EVW scheme. Being the British subjects they thought that they should have given priorities in entering British labor market. Under the cumulating pressure from the colonies, Ministry of Health tentatively carried out similar scheme to recruit women from Barbados. By early 1950s, West Indian immigrants started to arrive in Britain and the Ministry of Labor, and its regional offices were anxious to locate West Indian immigrants into jobs and in due course West Indian women were places as the domestic staff in the hospital.