Globalization Strategy and the Competitive Advantage of Hierarchical Complementation

本研究调查了日本汽车企业和零部件企业在东亚经济区的实际情况。本次调查的目的是为了掌握日本企业国际分工的现状，弄清日本企业竞争优势的来源。研究概要如下：日本企业在东亚经济区的全球化战略特征与其在北美的战略有很大的不同。日本管理与美国管理相结合的“混合”管理成为可能，就像北美的NUMMI一样。然而，当日本企业进军东亚经济区时，那里的汽车行业(汽车组装和零部件生产)很少。此外，与汽车行业相关的行业也不够成熟。也就是说，东亚的ECO…中不存在构成“混合”生产的组件更多的经济区。此外，市场规模太小，无法生产需要大型设备的汽车。这对日本汽车工业来说是一个很高的壁垒，日本企业为了超越这一壁垒，完全把这个地区作为一个经济集团。日本企业将技术开发、功能件生产、标准件生产、总装等制造活动分散到东亚各国，并将这些零部件生产隶属于一个网络。要逐步提高这些企业的技术水平，增强汽车生产的竞争力。在这样的框架下，东亚经济区形成了两种发展模式。也就是说，虽然在生产技术和生产技术上依赖于先进国家(在这种情况下，是日本)，但类型I提高了整车对本国市场和国外市场的销售力量。结果，扩展的再现被启用。韩国与这一类型相对应。最近，中国也将其归类为这一类型。虽然对日本的技术依存度也是一样的，但“第二类”通过邻国之间相互依存的网络实现了汽车的扩大再生产。形成网络的主要原因是零部件采购和整车销售市场过于狭窄，仅限于国内市场。东盟的汽车企业就是这种类型的汽车企业，这两种类型在东亚经济区相互竞争。较少

This research investigates into the actual conditions of Japanese car enterprises and parts enterprises in the East Asian economic region. The purpose of this investigation is to grasp the current state of international division of labor of Japanese enterprises, and to clarify the source of competitive edge of Japanese enterprises.The outline of this research is as follows.The feature of the globalization strategy of Japanese enterprises in the East Asian economic region is greatly different from their strategy in North America. "Hybrid" management which combines the Japanese management with the United States management became possible like NUMMI in North America. However, there were few auto sectors (car assembly and part production) in East Asian economic region when Japanese enterprises advanced to there. In addition, the industries which relate to the auto sector have not grown up enough either. That is, the components to form "Hybrid" production did not exist in the East Asian eco … More nomic region. Moreover, the market scale was too small to produce cars which needed large-scale equipment. It was a high barrier for Japanese car industry.To exceed such a barrier, Japanese enterprises used entirely this region as one economic bloc. Japanese enterprises distributed manufacturing activities such as technological development, function part production, standard part production, and the final assembly to each country of East Asia, and made those part production affiliation a network. It was necessary to improve gradually a technological level of those affiliations to reinforce the competitive edge of the car production.Two development types have been formed under such a frame in the East Asian economic region. That is, "Type I" has improved the sales force of the entire car to a home country market and foreign markets though depends on the advanced country (in this case, it is Japan) for the product technology and the productive technique. As a result, the expanded reproduction has been enabled. South Korea corresponds to this type. Recently, China can also classify it into this type."Type II" has achieved the expanded reproduction of the car by neighboring countries' forming interdependently a network though technological dependence to Japan is also the same. The main reason which forms a network is that the sales market of the part procurement and entire car is too narrow only of the home country market. The car enterprises of ASEAN correspond to this Type II. These two Types compete with each other in East Asian economic region. Less