The standard realization of crystal lattices and spectra of magnetic transition operators

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A crystal lattice is an abelian covering infinite graph of a finite graph. The integer lattices, the triangular lattice, the hexagonal lattice are examples of crystal lattices. We define magnetic transition operators to describe electron transfer on a crystal lattice under periodic magnetic field. The definition is justified by the central limit theorem : Namely, we show that the semigroup generated by the magnetic transition operators converges to the semigroup generated by a magnetic Laplacian of the Euclidean space with the Albanese metric. Magnetic fields on a crystal lattice are defined in terms of the second group cohomology. Next we construct a C^*-algebra associated with the magnetic field and show the magnetic transition operator belongs to the C^*-algebra. By using this, we show the spectra of the magnetic transition operators is a Lipschitz continuous function in magnetic field.Without magnetic field, electrons behave like random walks. We show large deviation principle holds for random walks on a crystal lattice. By letting lattice spacing smaller, a crystal lattice converges to a finite dimensional vector space with a Banach norm in the Gromov-Hausdorff topology. This Banach norm is characterized in terms of the rate function appearing in the large deviation.