An exhaustive exploration of the genes involved in molluscan shell formation : a primer for a genome projec

对参与软体动物壳形成的基因的详尽探索：基因组计划的引物

• 批准号: 15104009
• 负责人: ENDO Kazuyoshi
• 金额: $ 67.97万
• 依托单位: University of Tsukuba
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2003 至 2007
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15104009/
• 关键词: evolution; development; animal; genome; gene; biomineralization; morohoeenesis; molluscs; 貝殻形成; 発生進化学; 発生遺伝学; Lymnaea

In this study, we aimed at elucidating the evolutionary processes and mechanisms of the shell by characterizing the (1) master genes shell formation, (2) proteins controlling shell (biomineralization), and (3) control precipitation genes for the shell left-right asymmetry, and obtained the following results.(1) master genes for shell formation Gene expression patterns of the transcription factor engrailed and the growth factor dpp in Lymnaea stagnalis indicated that engrailed is expressed around the shell gland just like in other molluscs, and dpp is expressed only in the right-hand side of the invaginated shell gland, suggesting that both genes are involved in shell formation and dpp could be further responsible for the shell left-right asymmetry.(2) biomineralization genes Phylogenetic analysis of the shell matrix protein Dermatopontin among eight species of pulmonate snails showed that the gene duplications that lead to the evolution of the shell matrix proteins occurred at least twice independently in pulmonates. Comparisons with the fossil record indicated that these duplications should have occurred after Mesozoic Era. In the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, the primary structure of the unusually acidic shell matrix protein Aspein has been deduced. Analyses of expression patterns and in vitro functions demonstrated that Aspein is highly likely the factor controlling the selective precipitation of calcite shells in P. fucata.(3) control genes for the shell left right asymmetry We performed an exhaustive analysis using the HiCEP method for the mRNAs that show asymmetric expression patterns between the right-hand side and the left-hand side of the mantle epithelium in Lymnaea stagnalis, and found that a total of 11588 genes are expressed in the mantle and that dozens of genes show a left-right asymmetric gene expression pattern. Analysis is still on progress as to the structure and function for the 20 genes that indicated the highest extent of asymmetry.

本研究通过对贝壳形成的主控基因(1)、控制贝壳形成的蛋白质(生物矿化)和控制贝壳左右不对称性的沉淀基因的研究，揭示了贝壳的进化过程和机制，并获得了以下结果：(1)贝壳形成的主控基因转录因子Engraded和生长因子DPP在贝壳中的表达模式表明，Engraded与其他软体动物一样在贝壳周围表达，DPP仅在内陷的贝壳腺体的右侧表达，8种肺螺壳基质蛋白Dermatopontin的生物矿化基因系统发育分析表明，导致壳基质蛋白进化的基因复制在肺钉螺中至少独立发生两次。与化石记录的对比表明，这些复制应该发生在中生代之后。在珠母贝中，已经推断出异常酸性的壳基质蛋白Aspin的一级结构。表达模式和体外功能分析表明，ASpein很可能是控制褐藻方解石壳层选择性沉淀的因素。(3)壳层左右不对称的控制基因我们用HiCEP方法对木贼外套上皮左右两侧不对称表达的mRNAs进行了详尽的分析，发现共有11588个基因在外套层中表达，其中数十个基因表现出左右不对称的基因表达模式。关于这20个基因的结构和功能的分析仍在进行中，这些基因表明了最不对称的程度。

项目成果

In vitro regulation of CaCO3 crystal polymorphism by the highly acidic molluscan shell protein Aspein

• DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.026
• 发表时间: 2008-03
• 期刊: FEBS Letters
• 影响因子: 3.5
• 作者: Takeshi Takeuchi;I. Sarashina;M. Iijima;K. Endo

Molecular phylogeny of Acantharea(Actinopodea : Protista) based on small subunit rRNA gene sequences

基于小亚基 rRNA 基因序列的棘皮动物 (Actinopodea : Protista) 分子系统发育

• 发表时间: 2005
• 期刊: Science Report, Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B 26
• 作者: Oka;A.;Endo;K. and Sashida;K.
• 通讯作者: K.

(co-translator) : "Seimei no sentaku" by Simon Conway Morris

（共同译者）：西蒙·康威·莫里斯的《晴明的刺伤》

• 期刊: Kodansha (in press)
• 作者: Endo;K. and Sarashina;I.
• 通讯作者: I.

二枚貝類翼形亜綱におけるShematrim分子進化

翼形亚纲双壳类的 Shematrim 分子进化

• 发表时间: 2007
• 作者: S. Tanaka;H. Katsura;N. Nagaosa;Michihiro Shirakawa et al.;横尾直樹・竹内 猛・更科 功・遠藤一佳
• 通讯作者: 横尾直樹・竹内 猛・更科 功・遠藤一佳

title to be announced. Palaeontological Association Annual Meeting half-day symposium 'Biomineralisation-the Hard Part of Palaeontology'

标题待公布。

• 发表时间: 2008
• 作者: Endo;K.
• 通讯作者: K.