Comparative History of Early Nuclear Projects in Japan, Germany, and Russia

本研究项目旨在从科学技术的角度，以共同的观点和方法，研究20世纪40年代日本、德国和俄罗斯早期核电项目的历史。2003年8月，在东京举行的第一次研讨会上，美国联合学院的马克·沃克提出了11个比较问题。（见下面第一个参考文献的序言。）该项目的部分成果发表在《科学史》2005年专刊上。这一计划的新发现和新成果如下：(1)据了解，原日本海军技术研究所物理委员会由西野义夫主持讨论核武器的可行性，几次会议后以否定的结论解散。我们找到了海军科学技术委员会的会议记录，表明长冈汉太郎的强烈反对影响了委员会的否定结论。(2) Rainer Karlsch的《希特勒炸弹》于2005年3月在德国出版。他在俄罗斯和德国的档案中发现了新的文件，并首次表明德国人在1945年3月进行了核裂变武器的关键实验。在Karlsch和Walker的联合论文发表后，日本同事开始讨论这个问题，但得出的结论是，Karlsch关于德国人使用核聚变机制的论点需要仔细检验。(3) Vladimir Vizgin提出了“核崇拜”和“核共同体”作为俄罗斯核历史的关键词，以及他之前的关键词“核盾”。(4)战争时期的这三个国家通常被视为“极权主义体系”，但有人建议，特别是在科学史的情况下，每个国家的历史不仅应该从断续的角度考虑，而且应该从连续性的角度考虑。

The aim of this research program is to study the history of early nuclear projects in Japan, Germany, and Russia in the 1940s with a common standpoint and methodology from the view of science and technology. In August, 2003, on the occasion of the first workshop in Tokyo eleven questions for comparison were suggested by Mark Walker of Union College in the US. (See the preface of the first reference below.) Some results of this program were published in a special issue of Historia Scientiarum in 2005.New findings and achievements of this program are as follows:(1) It was known that the Physics Committee of the former Japanese Navy's Technical Research Institute discussed the feasibility of nuclear weapons with Yoshio Nishina in the chair, and broke up after several meetings with a negative conclusion. We found the minutes of the Navy's Council of Science and Technology that suggested Hantaro Nagaoka's strong objection influenced committee's negative conclusion.(2) Rainer Karlsch's Hitlers Bombe was published in Germany in March, 2005. He found new documents at Russian and German archives, and showed for the first time that Germans did the critical experiments of nuclear fission weapons in March, 1945. After the publication of a joint paper by Karlsch and Walker, Japanese colleagues started their discussion of the matter, but came to the conclusion that Karlsch's argument that Germans used a fusion mechanism needs careful examinations.(3) Vladimir Vizgin suggested Nuclear Cult and Nuclear Community as key words of Russian nuclear history as well as his former key word Nuclear Shield.(4) These three counties in the wartime are often seen as "totalitarian systems" but it was suggested that especially in the case of science history the history of each country should be considered form the viewpoint not only of discontinuity but also of continuity.