Constitution and Functions of the European States in the Middle Ages and the Early-Modern Times

从被统治者的角度分析国家、中间权力和人民之间的统治结构，以及国家的功能，是本研究的主题。然后，我将前现代国家视为所有持久的高级政治制度，并考虑中世纪与近代早期的历史关系。我明确了以下几点：1。无论是在中世纪还是近代早期，国家都具有双重统治体制，即通过官僚机构进行直接统治，以及通过封建主、神职人员、城市和中间权力进行间接统治。但在近代早期，官僚统治渗透到整个国家，君主与直接臣民之间的双边统治关系出现了大规模的断裂。中世纪国家的功能主要是通过司法来调节冲突。在近代早期，国家发展了警察和立法来保护和训练主体的物质和精神活动。在上述框架下，被统治者向中世纪国王要求慷慨、智慧、名誉和谋士，向早期现代君主要求超越共同体的公共福利的实现和秩序的建立。中世纪后期为早期的现代统治做了准备，包括王室的多重封印，财政职能的分离，自下而上的私人行为进入公共框架，以及镇议会的授权。

It is the subject of this study to analyze the structure of rule among state, middle powers and people, and the functions of state from the viewpoint of the ruled men. Then, I regard pre-modern state as all the lasting political system of a high order, and consider historically relation between the Middle Ages and the Early modem Times.I made the following points clear:1.Both in the Middle Ages and the Early modern Times, state has dual reign system, which was composed of the direct rule through bureaucracy, and the indirect one through feudal man, clergy, city, and intermediate powers. But in the Early modern Times, bureaucratic rule permeated through state, and bilateral rule relation between monarch and immediate subjects fell off on a large scale.2.The function of the medieval state was chiefly to adjust conflicts through justice. In the Early modern Times, state developed police and legislation to protect and train the material and mental activities of subjects.3.Under the above-mentioned framework the ruled man demanded generosity, intelligence, reputation and adviser from the medieval king, and realization of public welfare and establishment of order beyond the communities from the early modern monarch.4.The latter part of Middle Ages prepared itself for the early modern rule with plural royal seals, separation of financial function, bottom-up of private action into public framework and authorization of the council in the town.