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Constitution and Functions of the European States in the Middle Ages and the Early-Modern Times

中世纪及近代欧洲国家的宪法和职能

基本信息

批准号：
15320100
负责人：
SHINPO Hideo
金额：
$ 6.14万
依托单位：
KYUSHU UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2003
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2003 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15320100/
关键词：
Middle Ages and Early modern Times constitutional history structure of rule function of state royal authority bureaucracy intermediate powers town 西欧史被治者社会史財政史西欧国家政治文化

项目摘要

It is the subject of this study to analyze the structure of rule among state, middle powers and people, and the functions of state from the viewpoint of the ruled men. Then, I regard pre-modern state as all the lasting political system of a high order, and consider historically relation between the Middle Ages and the Early modem Times.I made the following points clear:1.Both in the Middle Ages and the Early modern Times, state has dual reign system, which was composed of the direct rule through bureaucracy, and the indirect one through feudal man, clergy, city, and intermediate powers. But in the Early modern Times, bureaucratic rule permeated through state, and bilateral rule relation between monarch and immediate subjects fell off on a large scale.2.The function of the medieval state was chiefly to adjust conflicts through justice. In the Early modern Times, state developed police and legislation to protect and train the material and mental activities of subjects.3.Under the above-mentioned framework the ruled man demanded generosity, intelligence, reputation and adviser from the medieval king, and realization of public welfare and establishment of order beyond the communities from the early modern monarch.4.The latter part of Middle Ages prepared itself for the early modern rule with plural royal seals, separation of financial function, bottom-up of private action into public framework and authorization of the council in the town.

本文从被统治者的角度分析了国家、中间力量和人民之间的统治结构以及国家的职能。然后，笔者将前现代国家视为所有持久的高级政治制度，并对中世纪与近代早期的关系进行了历史考察，明确了以下几点：1.无论是中世纪还是近代早期，国家都具有双重统治体制，即通过官僚直接统治和通过封建人、神职人员、城市和中间权力间接统治。但到了近代早期，官僚统治渗透到国家之中，君臣之间的双边统治关系大幅度下降。2.中世纪国家的功能主要是通过司法来调节冲突。在近代早期，国家通过警察和立法来保护和训练臣民的物质和精神活动。3.在上述框架下，被统治者要求中世纪国王的慷慨、智慧、声誉和顾问。4.中世纪后期为早期现代社会的到来做好了准备多个皇家印章的统治，财政职能的分离，自下而上的私人行动进入公共框架和城市理事会的授权。