Research in the commodeification and formalization of care and the transformation of gender identity

所谓的社会福利基本结构改革，将准市场机制引入了日本的社会政策领域。特别是在长期护理保险的运作下，老年护理领域大规模发生了护理的商品化。本研究在全国范围内对群赡院护理员进行了邮件调查，群赡院是当地社会福利体系的核心设施。调查主要集中在心理压力、情绪工作、组织承诺、职业承诺、工作满意度、性别形象、对管理人员的主观评价等方面。回报率为26.8%。本研究结合机构的法律地位和组织规模等属性，分析这些项目，观察护理服务的商品化和正规化如何与护理工作者的心理状况相关。长期护理保险对服务对象的监管相对宽松，实现了服务对象的多元化。调查结果显示，在法律地位上的分布情况如下：社会福利公司占23%，医疗公司占22%，非营利公司占8%，股份公司占20%，有限责任公司占24%。本研究分别对心理压力、工作满意度、组织承诺和职业承诺的替代变量倦怠量表得分进行方差分析。结果发现，不同法律地位的机构在平均得分上存在显著差异。多重比较过程导致非营利组织的绩效较好，而医疗企业的绩效较差，这表明简单的营利性与非营利性假设是无效的。护工在其工作场所从事的情绪工作的数量与作为专业护工的资格之间没有关系，这表明与情绪工作相关的技能尚未被认可为一种专业要求。少

The so-called Reform of Fundamental Structure in Social Welfare introduced the quasi-market mechanism into the Japanese social policy arena. In particular, the commodification of care took place in the field of elderly care at a large scale under the operation of long-term care insurance. The present study conducted a nation-wide mail survey to care workers employed in grouphomes, which is regarded as a core facility in local social welfare system. The survey focused mainly on mental stress, emotional work, organizational commitment, career commitment, job satisfaction, gender image, subjective assessment to managerial staffs and so forth. The return rate is at 26.8%. Analyzing these items with such attributes of the establishments as legal status and the scale of an organization, the research observed how the commodification and formalization of care services relates to the psychological condition of care workers.The long-term care insurance has a relatively loose regulation to servic … More e providers and it realizes the plurality of care providers. The result of this survey shows the following distribution in legal status: 23% of social welfare corporation, 22% of medical corporation, 8% of non-profit corporation, 20% of joint-stock corporation, and 24% of limited liability corporation.The research conducted ANOVA on the score of burnout scale, which is a substitute variable of mental stress, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and career commitment respectively. The results explored the significant difference of average scores among the legal status of the establishments. Multiple comparison procedure resulted in the fairly good performance of NPOs and the poor performance of medical corporations, which suggested that a simple hypothesis of for-profit vs. non-profit is not effective.There was no relationship between the quantity of emotional work which care workers perform in their work place and the qualification as a professional care worker, which suggests that the skills associated with emotional work have not been recognized yet as a professional requirement. Less