Local Concept of 'Development' and its Practice in Papua New Guinea Marginal Area

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First, we found that the people in Papua New Guinea have unique point of view toward 'development'. They tend to think that the leaders of the development are supposed to be 'outsiders', and that the development comes from 'outside', not from 'inside'. They think that the 'development' is offered from 'outside', and not achieved by their own effort. They tend to think that their society is totally different from Westerners', and they do not think that these two consists a sort of continuum. Therefore, they do not think that the 'development' is achieved through their own, continuous effort. This way of thinking prohibit them their doing their effort to achieve development.Secondly, the notion of 'culture' and/or 'ethnic group' is changing as a result of modernization and/or development. The people have learned these concepts from Westerners, and they began to use them as their 'own' ideas to express their present situations. Together with this change, the ground has been valued highly because of the discovery of gold, and there arose a number of conflicts and disputes over ground. As a result, it has been found that the new concept of 'culture' and the traditional ones exist together, and mixed up and are opposed to each other.Thirdly, through modernization and development, space division by gender is changing. Traditionally, the space of their villages is divided strictly into male and female space, and the people's behaviors are restricted according to their traditional rules. But as modern houses are becoming popular, which have little distinction by gender, people's behaviors are not influenced by traditional rules any more.