A Study of Meditation and dhyana from Older Upanisads to Early Buddhism

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In Indian philosophy and Buddhism, the training of yoga and dhyana is important practice methods. But, it is not clear as for the origin. I presented the results of my research as to a problem of the meditation in old Upanishads, that Brhadaranyakopanisad 1 and 2, contain the recognition of the atman by the introspectiveness and influenced other Upanishads.Various practice methods such as four dhyana and four aruptya-samadhi, eight vimoksa and eight abhibhvayatana, thirty-seven bodhipaksa-dharma including four smrtyupasthana, samatha and vipasyana are known in Buddhism. About the problem how these methods are systematized in Agama, I presented the results of my research that the constitution of siksa-traya (sila, dhyana, prajna) elucidated that the significance of dhyana was the pivot of practices and the systematized by thirty-seven bodhipaksa-dharma, referred to not only Agama but Vinaya and Buddha's Life Story. It contributes also to the Early Buddhist Studies that unclear Sanskrit original and the Tibetan equivalent of the Chinese vocabulary about dhyana in Samyuktagama became clear.A report on research results places two articles, "Samyuktagama Margavarga and Mulasarvastivada-vinaya Bhaisajyavastu" and "A Study of the Margavarga of the Samyuktagama: In search of the Lost "Prahana-samyukta" in the Original Vol. 25." Furthermore, Tibetan translation of the Yogacarabhumi "Vastusamgrahani" about Samyuktagama Margavarga, compared with Xuangzang's translation is added to be use for the Agama study.