The Comparative Study for Social Capital of Traditional Rural Society in Japan and China

首先，本项目提取并考察了日本和中国传统乡村社会中承载组织和人际纽带的特殊社会资本，如社区活动的管理制度、可靠性人际网络、规则和规范是社会资本的重要组成要素。其次，本项目研究了这种社会资本的形成过程，并对日本社会和中国社会进行了比较。本项目描述了日本和中国农村社会比较研究中社会资本产生的机制特征。当许多人共同使用某种资源时，他们往往会相互竞争。资源是可以造福人类的，但是人们在如何获取、维护和管理资源的问题上往往会产生纠纷和摩擦。例如，在资源的管理和使用中，谁应该拥有主动权、优先权和发言权的问题一直是生活在资源周围的人们非常关心的问题。在这种困难的情况下，社会资本在解决纠纷和摩擦方面发挥了重要作用。具体地说，传统上，日本地方社会通过发展一种集体开发和管理资源的机制来解决或减轻这种冲突和摩擦。这种机制被称为基于社会资本的Iriai。这是日本的一种惯例制度安排，在这种制度下，当地社区的居民；享有一定权利的，集体管理指定区域的林地、草地、渔场。另一方面，中国当地社会通过发展人际网络来解决或缓解这种冲突和摩擦，这种人际网络被称为关岛，是由社会资本产生的。

First, this project extracted and examined a peculiar Social Capital which had carried organizations and human bonds in Japanese and Chinese traditional rural society For example, Management systems of communal activities, reliability human network, rules, and norm are especially important constituent elements of Social Capital Second, this project made a study on the process of formation of such Social Capital to compare Japanese society with Chinese society Finally, this project described the feature of mechanism which had been produced Social Capital on comparative studies of Japanese and Chinese rural society.When a large number of people make joint use of certain resource, they often become competitive toward one another. Resources can be beneficial to human beings, but people often have disputes and friction over how to acquire, maintain, and manage their For example, the questions of who should take the initiative, have priority rights, and have a say in the management and use of resources has always been a matter of great concern for people living dose to the resources. On such difficult situation, Social Capital had played an important role to resolve disputes and friction.To be concrete, traditionally, Japanese local society resolved or mitigated such conflicts and friction by developing a mechanism for the collective exploitation and management of resources. This mechanism is called Iriai that based on the Social Capital. It is a customary institutional arrangement in Japan under which inhabitants of a local community; who are entitled to share certain rights, collectively manage a designated area of forestland, grassland, or fishing grounds. On the other, Chinese local society resolved or mitigated such conflicts and friction by developing a Human network This Human network is called Guam that was produced by the Social Capital.