Comparative and Empirical Study on Correspondences of Competition Law and Policy to Environmental Law and policy

竞争法和竞争政策与环境法和政策对应关系的比较实证研究

基本信息

批准号：
16530035
负责人：
SAWADA Katsumi
金额：
$ 2.2万
依托单位：
Niigata University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2007
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

As results of this research, following facts have been revealed. In the GATT/WTO, environment related Articles are found in the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO, TBT Agreement, SPS Agreement, Agreement on Agriculture, Agreement on Subsidies and others. Further. Article 20 of the GATT, general exception of the GATT principles, has begun to be interpreted by the Panel and the Appellate Body to permit trade restrictions for environmental purposes since end of 1990's. Article 20 (b) and (g) now function to permit WTO members to employ trade policies protecting environment.In EC/EU, Article 81 (1) of the EC Treaty prohibits restrictions of trade and Art. 81 (3) sets out exceptions. The European Committee proclaimed "Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 of the EC Treaty to horizontal cooperation agreements" in 2001, according to which environmental agreements are normally not prohibited. The Committee is practicing according to these Guidelines. The European Court of Justice emphasizes the value of the environment in the cases where economic and environmental interests fall into conflict. The Court of First Instance pointed out the limit of permission of restraints of competition for environmental purposes and held against DSD. The European Council recognizes that in some cases the competition might be allowed to be restricted for the sake of environment.In Germany, the Federal Cartel Office tolerated DSD by not applying the Act against Restriction of Competition. Among academics, the theory of absence of agreements, theory of introduction of the Rule of Reason, theory of non-protected competition, theory of balancing test, theory of internal restriction of competition law and others were claimed. This problem has been resolved by amendments of the Act.The Competition Act of the United Kingdom has employed the system to follow EC competition law

作为这项研究的结果，已经揭示了事实。在GATT/WTO中，在马拉喀什协议中找到了与环境相关的文章，该协议建立了WTO，TBT协议，SPS协议，农业协议，补贴协议等。更远。 GATT第20条（GATT原则的总体除外）已开始由小组和上诉机构解释，以允许自1990年代末以来允许出于环境目的的贸易限制。现在，第20（b）和（g）的第20（b）和（g）现在发挥了作用，允许WTO成员采用保护环境的贸易政策。 81（3）列出了例外。欧洲委员会在2001年宣布了“关于《欧洲欧共体条约》第81条适用于横向合作协议的适用性的准则，通常不禁止环境协议。委员会根据这些准则正在实践。在经济和环境利益陷入冲突的情况下，欧洲法院强调了环境的价值。一审法院指出，竞争限制的限制是为了环境目的，并针对DSD举行。欧洲委员会认识到，在某些情况下，为环境而言，可能允许竞争受到限制。在德国，联邦卡特尔办公室的容忍DSD通过不适用该法案来限制竞争的限制。在学者中，缺乏协议的理论，理性的引入理论，非保护竞争理论，平衡测试理论，竞争法的内部限制理论和其他人的内部限制理论。该法案的修正案已经解决了这个问题。英国的《竞争法》采用该系统遵循EC竞争法