Study on Political Regime Changes of Semi-Polyarchies in the Interwar Years

本研究项目的目的是首先从概念上定义和界定另一种类型的政治制度，即“半多元政治”（以下简称SP），然后通过一些案例研究来审视其独特的制度机制，并梳理从半多元政治到多元政治或从半多元政治到非多元政治的制度变迁动力学。本文认为，将多元政治理解为一种实现了高度“包容性”和“自由化”以及政治决策者充分“议会制”的政治制度，其最重要的特征之一是议会内阁制的建立，在理论上是恰当的和合乎逻辑的。从这种对多元政治的理解中，我们推断，不仅不完全“包容”或“自由化”（SP I）的政权，即罗伯特·a·达尔所说的“近多元政治”，而且相对包容和自由化（SP II），尽管不是完全议会化的政权（SP II），都应该被归类为半多元政治。关于SP I，典型案例是19世纪采取“寡头议会制”的国家或英国，但本研究敢于对萨拉查之前的葡萄牙进行案例研究，因为从未从这一角度进行过分析。对于SP II来说，作为一个不能享有议会内阁对其他国家机构（如国王/王后、军队、枢密院、上院等）的稳定优势的政权，它有望出现在多元政治的崩溃过程中。但在多元政体建立后不久，它也以“未巩固的多元政体”的形式出现。本研究以波兰、南斯拉夫、爱沙尼亚、捷克斯洛伐克为例，在两次世界大战之间的欧洲，出现了许多新成立的polyarchies。对半多氏族制度进行更全面、更充分的比较研究尚未出现，但通过识别另一种被完全忽视的非多氏族制度，本研究必将有助于政治制度研究的理论发展。少

The aim of this research project is first to define and demarcate conceptually another type of political regime, "semi-polyarchy" (hereafter SP), and then to scrutinize its distinctive regime mechanism as well as to tease out the dynamics of regime change from semi-polyarchy to polyarchy or that from semi-polyarchy to non-polyarchy through some case studies.In this research we assert that it is theoretically proper and logical to understand polyarchy as a political regime which attains a high degree of "inclusiveness" and "liberalization" as well as sufficient "parliamentarization" of political decision-makers, one of the most important features of which is the establishment of parliamentary cabinet system. From this understanding of polyarchy, we deduce that not only regimes with incomplete "inclusiveness" or "liberalization" (SP I), which Robert A. Dahl called "near-polyarchy," but also relatively inclusive and liberalized though not fully parliamentarized ones (SP II) should be cate … More gorized as semi-polyarchy. Regarding the SP I, typical cases are countries which adopted "oligarchic parliamentarism" or Britain in the 19th century, but this research dares to undertake a case study of Portugal before Salazar, since it has never been analyzed from this perspective. As to the SP II, being a regime that can't enjoy stable predominance of parliamentary cabinet over other state institutions (e.g. King/Queen, military, privy council, upper house and so on), it is expected to appear in the breakdown process of polyarchy. But it also emerges as "unconsolidated polyarchy" soon after the installation of polyarchy. This research picks up Poland, Yugoslavia, Estonia, Czechoslovakia as examples of SP II in the interwar Europe which saw many newly founded polyarchies.More comprehensive and fully comparative study of semi-polyarchy has yet to come, but by identifying another type of non-polyarchal regimes which has been totally neglected, this research would surely contribute to the theoretical development of political regime study. Less