Study on Contamination Investigation of Fluorinated Organic Compounds in Urban Water Environment and their Countermeasures

本研究旨在调查PFOS（全氟辛烷磺酸盐）和PFOA（全氟辛酸盐）等含氟持久性有机污染物（Persistent Organic Pollutants，POPs）在城市水环境中的行为，并研究其治理对策。（1）分析方法的建立除PFOS和PFOA外，还研究了其它几种全氟化合物的测定方法。本研究包括颗粒相中PFCs的提取、固相萃取和LC-MS/MS条件的优化。(2)在日本14个都道府县和海外10个国家的多个地点收集了自然区域（河流、湖泊等）的水样、自来水和废水处理厂的排放物。结果表明：（1）不同地区和农村土壤中PFCs含量存在差异;（2）土壤中PFCs的主要来源是非天然来源， ...更多信息 （3）它们的浓度在通过自然净化过程流向下游的过程中不会降低。(3)净水厂对PFCs的去除作用天然沃茨与自来水沃茨中PFCs浓度的关系表明，大多数净水厂对PFCs没有去除作用。即使在工厂采用先进的处理工艺，如臭氧化和活性炭过滤，轻微减少看到在活性炭过滤器。(4)废水处理厂去除PFCs的功能在日本的14家工厂和4个海外国家的10家工厂进行了废水处理厂调查。解冻的结果（1）大多数PFCs不能在废水处理厂中去除，（2）进水浓度和由此产生的出水浓度范围很广，取决于废水处理厂，和（3）活性污泥吸附大量的FPCs，导致废水处理厂中PFCs的高储存。(5)处理方法研究净水厂和污水处理厂的研究表明，常规处理工艺几乎不能去除PFCs。然而，一些新的工艺似乎是有效的，如活性炭吸附，它可以在短时间内去除它们，和紫外线辐射，这可以分解FPOA与较长的处理时间。少

This research aims to investigate behavior of fluorinated POPs (persistent organic pollutants), such as PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoate, in urban water environment, and to study their countermeasures. The following results are drawn from three years research work:(1) Analytical procedure developmentIn addition to PFOS and PFOA, a measurement procedure of other several PFCs (perfiuorinated compounds) was also investigated. This work included extraction of PFCs from particulate phase and condition optimization of SPE (solid phase extraction) and LC-MS/MS.(2) PFCs distribution surveys in Japan and overseas countriesWater samples from natural areas (rivers, lakes and others), tap water, and discharge from wastewater treatment plants were collected at several sites in 14 prefectures (Japan), and 10 overseas countries. PFCs analysis of these samples shows (1) PFCs level are different in earl prefecture and country, (2) Sources of them are non-natural, especially … More from wastewater treatment plants, and (3) Their concentrations are not reduced during journeys to downstream by natural purification processes.(3) Functions of water purification plants for PFCs removalThe PFCs concentration relationship between natural waters and tap waters showed that most of water purification plants can not remove PFCs. Even in plants adopting advance treatment processes such as ozonation and GAC filtration, slight reduction was seen in GAC filter only.(4) Functions of wastewater treatment plants for PFCs removalWastewater treatment plant surveys were conducted at 14 plants in Japan, and at 10 plants in 4 overseas countries. The results thawed (1) most of PFCs can not be removed in wastewater treatment plants, (2) influent concentrations and resultant effluent concentrations are widely ranged, depending on wastewater treatment plants, and (3) activated sludge adsorbs a large amount of FPCs, resulting in high storage of PFCs in wastewater treatment plants.(5) Treatment method studyThe study in water purification plants and wastewater treatment plants showed that ordinal treatment processes hardly remove PFCs. However, some of new processes seem to be effective, such as GAC adsorption, which can remove them during a short period, and UV radiation, which can decompose FPOA with long treatment time. Less