The Study ofthe Russo-Japanese War and the First Revolution from the viewpoint of Russian nation-building

本研究历时三年，研究结果如下：对俄罗斯本土战线的研究表明，在日俄战争期间，诸如佐穆斯特沃总司令组织和市议会等社会机构的作用对战争努力至关重要。与此同时，农民社区有时拒绝帮助登记应征入伍的预备役家庭，因为他们认为这不是他们自己的战争，或者他们认为这些家庭得到了国家的足够支持。农民的这种态度源于缺乏现代民族主义意识。日本国内战线的情况与俄罗斯的上述情况形成对比。在日本，从甲午战争(1894年)开始，军事组织遍布全国，1904年建立了军人家庭抚养制。国民代表制度、初等教育制度和全民征兵制度共同为日本的建国服务。由此可以得出结论，日本的民族国家是由日俄战争形成的。与战前相比，战场上的军事失败导致了对俄罗斯独裁政府的自由主义反对运动的更多敌意批评。一些自由主义活动家，特别是以P·斯特鲁夫为首的解放联盟中的活动家，认为日本的优秀之处在于他们的“民族精神”，即民族主义，并从这一观点出发，试图建立一种基于普遍、直接、秘密和无性别、无国籍的平等选举的国民代议制，以统一多民族帝国。这是1905年第一次俄国革命中最重要的要求之一。

The results of this three years' study are following1. Research on the home front of Russia demonstrates that the role of social organs such as the General-zemustvo Organizations and city councils was crucial for the war efforts during the Russo-Japanese war. Meanwhile, peasant communities sometimes rejected to aid the families of reserves who registered for draft because they thought it was not their own war or they believed the families received enough support from the state. Such attitude of peasants derived from the lack of sense of modern nationalism.2. The situation of the Japanese home front was contrastive to the above-mentioned Russian situation. In Japan, from the time of the Sino-Japanese War (1894), the military organizations spread all over the country and the system of soldiers' family support by the state was established in 1904. The system of national representatives, primary education system and the universal conscription altogether served for the Japanese nation-building. As a result, we can conclude that the nation state of Japan was formed by the Russo-Japanese war.3. Military failures at the battle fields caused more hostile criticism of the liberal oppositional movements to the Russian autocratic government than before the war. Some liberal activists, especially those who were organized in the Union of Liberation lead by P. Struve, considered excellence of Japan to be in their "national spirits", that is, nationalism, and from this viewpoint, tried to establish a national representative system on the basis of universal, direct, secret and equal election without sex and nationality for uniting the multi-national empire. This was among the most important demands in the first Russian revolution of 1905.