New Aspects of the Urban Labor Market under Economic Reforms in India

这项研究的目的是探索自20世纪90年代经济改革开始以来印度劳动力市场发生的变化，并调查这些变化背后的原因。这项研究的重点是印度劳动力市场最近出现的一些方面，如“无就业增长”和“两极分化”，以及劳动力市场的灵活性，这已成为劳动力改革辩论的焦点。以下四点是主要的研究问题。首先，我的目标是了解最近劳动力市场的趋势，其次，我研究印度的劳工政策和与劳工有关的机构。第三，在实地调查的基础上，我从工人的角度考虑了城市劳动力市场灵活性的影响。换句话说，我试图掌握每个工人的工作历史和他们的代际流动性，以了解实施…后城市劳动力阶层发生的社会和经济变化更多的经济改革。第四，对印度劳动力与就业问题进行了广泛而全面的研究综述，从而提出了印度“无就业增长”的现实和原因，劳动力政策/制度的变化和不变，劳动力市场灵活性的现实，即有出口但没有进入的单向灵活性，城市劳动力市场的筛选机制等方面。此外，值得注意的是，在这次研究中，我能够实现对(前)工厂工人的第三次调查，他们也在1991年和1998年进行了调查，作为关于城市劳动阶层的长期小组调查，此外，我还根据对不同世代工人子女的另一项调查，调查了不同世代工人之间的差距和流动性。我期待这项关于微观和宏观层面的劳动和就业问题的研究将有助于加深对印度经济发展和贫困问题的理解。最后，对似乎处于新中产阶级核心的劳工精英进行实地调查，并调查他们的扩张潜力，这将是进一步研究的主题。较少

The objective of this research was to explore the changes that occurred in the labor market in India since the inception of economic reforms in the 1990s and to investigate the causes behind these changes. The research focused on the recently emerging aspects of the Indian labor market such as 'jobless growth' and 'polarisation' as well as the flexibilisation of the labor market, which has come to be a focus of debate on labor reform.The following four points were the main research issues. First, I aim to understand the recent trends in the labor market, and second, I study the Indian labor policy and labor-related institutions. Third, I consider the implications of flexibility in the urban labor market from the standpoint of the workers, on the basis of a field survey. In other words, I attempted to grasp each worker's job history and their intergenerational mobility in order to understand the social and economic changes that have occurred in the urban labor class after the implementa … More tion of the economic reforms. Fourth, I conduct a broad and comprehensive research review on labor and employment in India.Thus, this research presented the reality and causes of 'jobless growth', the changing and unchanging labor policy/institutions, the realities of labor market flexibility, i.e. one-way flexibility with an exit but' without an entrance, the screening mechanism in the urban labor market, and other such aspects. Furthermore, a noteworthy point is that during this research, I was able to realize the third survey on (ex-) factory workers, who were also surveyed in 1991 and 1998, as a long-term panel survey on the urban labor class and in addition investigated the gap and mobility between different generations of workers, based on another survey on their children. I expect that this research on labor and employment at both the micro and macro levels will help to deepen the understandings of the problems relating to economic development and poverty in India. Finally, a field survey on 'labor elites' who appear to be at the core of the new middle class and an investigation of their potential for expansion will be the subjects of further study. Less