Comparative Research on Educational Opportunities and Life Course in the Post-Fordist Era

在日本，从20世纪90年代初到21世纪初这段时间被称为“失去的十年”。自20世纪70年代以来，日本人主导的标准化生活模式逐渐发生了变化。在此期间，20世纪70年代初出生的第二次婴儿潮一代开始进入劳动市场，由于泡沫经济的崩溃，找到好工作的机会变得越来越少。本研究旨在检视1990年代后日本人生命历程的变迁模式，并从比较的角度厘清日本福利制度的现状。本文首先回顾了20世纪70年代以后的生命历程研究，指出了西方国家明显的后福特主义生命历程模式特征。然后，研究报告了对女性和老年人的分析结果，使用了日本综合社会调查和社会分层调查。自20世纪90年代中期以来，有工作的老年人的收入水平急剧下降。在经济困难的情况下，一些不太富裕的儿子或女儿不离开家。老人和孩子通过生活在一起来相互支持，尽管与孩子生活在一起并不会带来高的生活满意度。日本人和孩子一起生活的模式现在变成了一种不太富裕阶层的生存策略。有关女性的生命历程,在那些20多岁和30岁出头的工作生活模式已经改变了从第二个婴儿潮一代,虽然女性的劳动力参与率保持状态概要文件。全职员工在减少，兼职和其他非全职员工的数量在增加。这一研究显示了女性生命历程的明显分化。这项研究显示的变化表明，日本以家庭为中心的福利制度正在走向自由主义的福利制度。最后。本研究为生命历程政策的制定提供了新的思路。

In Japan, the period from the early 1990s to the early 2000s is known as the lost decade. The standardized patterns of the Japanese life course dominant since 1970s have changed gradually from that period. During that period, the second baby boomers born in the early 1970s started to enter the labor market, in which the chances of getting a good job deteriorated due to the collapse of the bubble economy. This study aims to examine the changing patterns of the Japanese life course after the 1990s, and to clarify the current state of the Japanese welfare regime from a comparative perspective. First, this study reviews the life course research after the 1970s and points out the characteristics of Post-Fordist life course patterns evident in Western counties. Then, the study reports the results of analyses for women and the elderly, using Japanese General Social Surveys and Social Stratification Surveys. The income level of the working elderly has declined sharply since the mid-1990s. Under the economic hardship, some less affluent sons or daughters do not leave home. The elderly and children support each other by living together, although living together with children does not lead to high life satisfaction. The Japanese pattern of living together with child now turns to be a kind of survival strategy among less affluent strata. Concerning the women's life course, work life patterns in their twenties and early thirties have changed from the second baby boomers, although the M-shaped profile of women's labor force participation remained. Fulltime employment is declining and the number of part-time and other irregular employees is growing. This study demonstrates the sharp differentiation of women's life course. The changes shown in this study suggest that Japanese family-oriented welfare regime is now heading for a liberalist welfare regime. Finally. this study proposes a new idea for the life course policy.