Comparative Research of Competitive Advantages among Japan's, U.S.A.'S, and Europe's Multinationals in Asia

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In our research activities, we have implemented both theoretical and field research at home and in foreign countries.In theoretical researches, we have reviewed the internalization and transaction cost theories developed by Buckley and Casson, the industrial organization theory refined by Porter, the contingency approach reinforced by Bartlett and Ghoshal. And through such theoretical reviews, we have tried to establish some hypothetical dynamic theories adapted specifically for an Asian area and service industries.We have implemented research surveys on various service industries such as retail, education, consultancy, IT, hospitality, transportation, bank, non-bank, advertisement, manufacturing and administrative agencies in major Asian cities(Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Hong Kong, Taipei, Seoul, Delhi, Bangalore, Bangkok, Ho Chi Ming City and Dubai.)Moreover, aiming at the construction of new models and theories, we have invited some quest specialists to hold in-depth and … More extensive meetings.Following points have been found as results of these activities.(1) The service multinationals(SMNs) of Japan, the US and Europe are unevenly distributed in Asia. For example, the foreign direct investment by European and US companies are remarkable in Dubai. In retail sector, the situation surrounding SMNs is very different between China and India.(2) Comparing to European and US SMNs' competitive advantages, Japanese SMNs' are far behind and weak. Knowledge management and IHRM are at most important for Japanese SMNs.(3) Governments in the Asian countries must plan and implement more open market policy to develop service industries. In particular, deregulation policy in retail, physical distribution and finance industries are important for India and inland China.The research on SMNs is more popular in European and US academia than in Japan. The competitive advantages of Japanese SMNs are still in a very weak position. The research on SMNs in Japan should be enhanced further. Less