Culture as relationships : Research on formation and change of cultures in various aggregates

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The three research themes were explored in this project : (1) We conducted longitudinal surveys of Japanese organizations to investigate types of relationship among employees, implicit norms shared by them, types of leadership structure, and how these concepts correlate with their job satisfaction and work motivation. (2) We conducted a cross-cultural survey among Hong-Kong Chinese, Korean, and Japanese employees to investigate cultural differences of perceived fairness and the underlying difference in relationship. (3) We conducted a cross-cultural experiment among American and Japanese college students to figure out the role of relationship with others and its cultural variation to maintain and enhance self-esteem.