Study of formative process of medieval people living in northern Japan Islands and Sakhalin

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We tried to make clear the formative process of medieval societies and ethnic groups in the vast area from northern Japan to lower Amur region through Sakhalin in the historical frame work of Eastern Asia. Especially we focused to the problem of relationship between ancient cultures of the Okhotsk・Satsumon and the medieval Ainu culture.To give some actual examples, home made tools such as wooden tools and wooden wares developed regularly in items and ratio from Satsumon to Ainu culture. We can point out that Nakai in Noto peninsular has high probability being the producing district of cast iron pan imported Hokkaido after fourteenth century and which was an indicator of the Ainu culture.Beside the change of these utensil materials, we showed the organization of new production system (dispersion into each exclusive territory in Hokkaido) which enabled Ainu people to import medieval Japanese manufactured utensils. It is noteworthy that in Tugaru district northern most of Japan mainland, where Ainu culture formed as early as 11^<th> century under the influence Japanese peasant society expanded from south, the organization of new production system did not develop as in Hokkaido. The reason is still not fully clear but in Tugaru, different from Hokkaido, free space for getting natural resource product was relatively small.There is higher possibility that the Y1 haplogroup found in the Ainu people flow from Okhotsk people through the contact with Epi-Jyomon people in 6-7^<th> century, in Hokkaido.