Positive and negative factors responsible for inter-domain DNA transfer between bacteria and yeasts

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Agrobacterial T-DNA transfer and Trans-kingdom conjugation from Gram-negative bacteria to yeasts are interesting phenomena in that bacteria actively transfer DNA horizontally to eukaryotes. This study with a yeast as a model eukaryotic recipient revealed that yeast genes mainly for vATPase subunits are important for Trans-kingdom conjugation, and that yeast genes including RAD2 and SRS2 are important for the agrobacteria-mediated transformation. Each of the genes is likely to function in a process which had been specialized between the two phenomena. This study also developed useful tools for accurate but easy modification on huge-size plasmids and enabled highly efficient but easy transformation.