Word formation of the weak verbs of Old West Norse

古西挪威语弱动词的构词法

• 批准号: 538052277
• 负责人: Dr. Ramón Boldt
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Vergleichende Indogermanische Sprachwissenschaft
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/538052277?language=en
• 关键词: Word; formation; weak; verbs; Old

For a long time, Old West Norse–the earliest literarily attested stage of the North Germanic languages Norwegian, Icelandic and Faeroese–has been of great interest to historical linguistics. Nevertheless, relatively little has been known about its system of weak verbs. Weak verbs are characterized above all by the fact that they form their preterite with a dental element, in German with -t- (machen : machte), in Old West Norse with -t-, -d-, or -delta-, depending on the phonetic environment. In addition, they are usually derived from nouns or strong verbs. In contrast to modern German, for example, the weak verbs of Old West Norse are divided into three classes according to their stem-forming suffix: the jan-, the ôn-, and the ên-class. The nan-verbs of a former distinct fourth class, attested as such only in the earlier East Germanic Gothic, joined class 2, that is, they show the same inflection. This division in formal classes seems to be accompanied by differences in meaning which have not been sufficiently studied so far. The weak verbs of modern German, e.g., all end in -en, all classes formerly separated here as well have merged. This is associated with a great semantic richness, which becomes clear when paraphrasing the meaning of weak verbs, cf. for example filmen 'to make a film', fischen 'to catch fish', ölen 'to provide with oil'. From studies on other Old Germanic languages and some (especially older) works on Old West Norse we know that class 1, i.e. the jan-verbs, contains mainly so-called causatives or factitives, i.e. verbs that denote a bringing about or causing of what is mentioned in their derivational base. A prime example is setja 'to set', derived from strong verb sitja 'to sit'. It thus denotes the bringing about of sitting, 'making sit'. While this class is comparatively well studied and understood, this is not true for the other classes. In this, Old West Norse differs from the other Old Germanic languages. This deficit is to be made up in the proposed project by means of a detailed and systematic corpus study. This would not only make accessible an important area of Old West Norse synchronic grammar, but the results will also help understand the diachronic development from Proto-Germanic - the common ancestor of all Germanic languages - and its system of weak verbs.

长期以来，古西斯堪的纳维亚语——北日耳曼语系挪威语、冰岛语和法罗语的最早的文学证明阶段——一直引起历史语言学的极大兴趣。然而，人们对其弱动词系统知之甚少。弱动词的特征首先在于它们用牙齿元素构成其过去时，在德语中用 -t-（machen ：machte），在古西挪威语中用 -t-、-d- 或 -delta-，具体取决于语音环境。此外，它们通常源自名词或强动词。例如，与现代德语相反，古西挪威语的弱动词根据其词干后缀分为三类：jan-、ôn-和ên-类。仅在早期东日耳曼哥特语中得到证明的前独特第四类的 nan 动词加入了第二类，也就是说，它们表现出相同的屈折变化。正式类别的这种划分似乎伴随着意义上的差异，但迄今为止尚未得到充分研究。现代德语的弱动词，例如全部以 -en 结尾，以前在这里分离的所有类别也已合并。这与极大的语义丰富性相关，当解释弱动词的含义时，这一点变得很清楚，参见。例如，filmen '拍电影'，fischen '捕鱼'，ölen '提供石油'。从对其他古日耳曼语言和一些（尤其是更古老的）古西挪威语的研究中，我们知道第一类，即 jan 动词，主要包含所谓的使动词或事实词，即表示派生基础中提到的事物的产生或原因的动词。一个典型的例子是 setja “设置”，源自强动词 satja “坐”。因此，它表示坐的产生，“让坐”。虽然这个课程得到了相对充分的研究和理解，但其他课程的情况却并非如此。在这一点上，古西挪威语与其他古日耳曼语言不同。这一缺陷将在拟议的项目中通过详细和系统的语料库研究来弥补。这不仅可以了解古西挪威语共时语法的一个重要领域，而且结果还将有助于理解原始日耳曼语（所有日耳曼语言的共同祖先）及其弱动词系统的历时发展。