Word formation of the weak verbs of Old West Norse

很长一段时间以来，古西诺尔斯语——北日耳曼语言挪威语、冰岛语和法罗语的最早的文学证明阶段——一直是历史语言学的极大兴趣。然而，人们对汉语弱动词系统的了解相对较少。弱动词的主要特点是，它们的首选词带有齿音，在德语中带有-t- (machen: machte)，在古西斯堪的纳维亚语中带有-t-、-d-或-delta-，这取决于语音环境。此外，它们通常来源于名词或强烈的动词。例如，与现代德语不同，古西斯堪的纳维亚语的弱动词根据词根后缀分为三类：jan-、ôn-和ên-class。以前属于第四类的非动词，只有在早期的东日耳曼哥特语中才得到证实，它们加入了第二类，也就是说，它们表现出相同的变化。这种正式类别的划分似乎伴随着意义上的差异，迄今为止还没有得到充分的研究。现代德语的弱动词，例如，都以-en结尾，以前在这里分开的所有类别也都合并了。这与语义丰富有关，当解释弱动词的意思时，这一点变得清晰起来，例如filmen“制作电影”，fischen“捕鱼”，ölen“提供石油”。从对其他古日耳曼语言和一些（尤其是更古老的）古西斯堪的纳维亚语的研究中我们知道，第一类，即简动词，主要包含所谓的使词或作动词，即表示导致或导致其衍生基所提到的事物的动词。一个典型的例子是setja，意为“设置”，源于动词sitja，意为“坐”。因此，它表示坐的产生，“使坐”。虽然这一类的学习和理解相对较好，但其他类的情况并非如此。在这一点上，古西斯堪的纳维亚语与其他古日耳曼语不同。这一缺陷将在拟议的项目中通过详细和系统的语料库研究加以弥补。这不仅可以使人们了解古西挪威语共时语法的一个重要领域，而且研究结果也将有助于理解从原始日耳曼语（所有日耳曼语言的共同祖先）开始的历时发展及其弱动词系统。

For a long time, Old West Norse–the earliest literarily attested stage of the North Germanic languages Norwegian, Icelandic and Faeroese–has been of great interest to historical linguistics. Nevertheless, relatively little has been known about its system of weak verbs. Weak verbs are characterized above all by the fact that they form their preterite with a dental element, in German with -t- (machen : machte), in Old West Norse with -t-, -d-, or -delta-, depending on the phonetic environment. In addition, they are usually derived from nouns or strong verbs. In contrast to modern German, for example, the weak verbs of Old West Norse are divided into three classes according to their stem-forming suffix: the jan-, the ôn-, and the ên-class. The nan-verbs of a former distinct fourth class, attested as such only in the earlier East Germanic Gothic, joined class 2, that is, they show the same inflection. This division in formal classes seems to be accompanied by differences in meaning which have not been sufficiently studied so far. The weak verbs of modern German, e.g., all end in -en, all classes formerly separated here as well have merged. This is associated with a great semantic richness, which becomes clear when paraphrasing the meaning of weak verbs, cf. for example filmen 'to make a film', fischen 'to catch fish', ölen 'to provide with oil'. From studies on other Old Germanic languages and some (especially older) works on Old West Norse we know that class 1, i.e. the jan-verbs, contains mainly so-called causatives or factitives, i.e. verbs that denote a bringing about or causing of what is mentioned in their derivational base. A prime example is setja 'to set', derived from strong verb sitja 'to sit'. It thus denotes the bringing about of sitting, 'making sit'. While this class is comparatively well studied and understood, this is not true for the other classes. In this, Old West Norse differs from the other Old Germanic languages. This deficit is to be made up in the proposed project by means of a detailed and systematic corpus study. This would not only make accessible an important area of Old West Norse synchronic grammar, but the results will also help understand the diachronic development from Proto-Germanic - the common ancestor of all Germanic languages - and its system of weak verbs.