Word formation of the weak verbs of Old West Norse

长期以来，古西诺尔斯语一直是历史语言学研究的热点，它是北日耳曼语族挪威语、冰岛语和法罗语中最早的有文献证明的语言阶段。尽管如此，人们对它的弱动词系统知之甚少。弱动词的特征首先在于它们与一个齿元素一起构成过去式，在德语中与-t-（machen：machte）一起构成过去式，在古西诺尔斯语中与-t-、-d-或-delta-一起构成过去式，这取决于语音环境。此外，它们通常来自名词或强动词。例如，与现代德语不同的是，古西诺尔斯语的弱动词根据其构成词干的后缀分为三类：jan-、ôn-和ên-类。只有在早期的东日耳曼哥特语中才能证明的前一个独特的第四类的nan动词加入了第二类，也就是说，它们表现出相同的屈折变化。这种正式类别的划分似乎伴随着意义上的差异，而这些差异迄今尚未得到充分的研究。现代德语的弱动词，例如，都以-en结尾，原来在这里分开的类也都合并了。这与语义的丰富性有关，当解释弱动词的含义时，这一点变得很清楚，参见。例如filmen 'to make a film'，fischen 'to catch fish'，ölen 'to provide with oil'.从对其他古日耳曼语言的研究和一些（尤其是更古老的）关于古西诺尔斯语的著作中，我们知道第一类，即jan动词，主要包含所谓的使役或使动，即表示在其派生基础中所提到的事物的产生或导致的动词。一个主要的例子是setja 'to set'，来自强动词sitja 'to sit'。因此，它表示带来的坐，“使坐”。虽然这个类被比较好地研究和理解，但对于其他类却不是这样。在这一点上，古西诺尔斯语不同于其他古日耳曼语言。这一不足将在拟议的项目中通过详细和系统的语料库研究来弥补。这不仅可以使人们了解古西诺尔斯语共时语法的一个重要领域，而且其结果还有助于理解从原始日耳曼语（所有日耳曼语言的共同祖先）及其弱动词系统的历时发展。

For a long time, Old West Norse–the earliest literarily attested stage of the North Germanic languages Norwegian, Icelandic and Faeroese–has been of great interest to historical linguistics. Nevertheless, relatively little has been known about its system of weak verbs. Weak verbs are characterized above all by the fact that they form their preterite with a dental element, in German with -t- (machen : machte), in Old West Norse with -t-, -d-, or -delta-, depending on the phonetic environment. In addition, they are usually derived from nouns or strong verbs. In contrast to modern German, for example, the weak verbs of Old West Norse are divided into three classes according to their stem-forming suffix: the jan-, the ôn-, and the ên-class. The nan-verbs of a former distinct fourth class, attested as such only in the earlier East Germanic Gothic, joined class 2, that is, they show the same inflection. This division in formal classes seems to be accompanied by differences in meaning which have not been sufficiently studied so far. The weak verbs of modern German, e.g., all end in -en, all classes formerly separated here as well have merged. This is associated with a great semantic richness, which becomes clear when paraphrasing the meaning of weak verbs, cf. for example filmen 'to make a film', fischen 'to catch fish', ölen 'to provide with oil'. From studies on other Old Germanic languages and some (especially older) works on Old West Norse we know that class 1, i.e. the jan-verbs, contains mainly so-called causatives or factitives, i.e. verbs that denote a bringing about or causing of what is mentioned in their derivational base. A prime example is setja 'to set', derived from strong verb sitja 'to sit'. It thus denotes the bringing about of sitting, 'making sit'. While this class is comparatively well studied and understood, this is not true for the other classes. In this, Old West Norse differs from the other Old Germanic languages. This deficit is to be made up in the proposed project by means of a detailed and systematic corpus study. This would not only make accessible an important area of Old West Norse synchronic grammar, but the results will also help understand the diachronic development from Proto-Germanic - the common ancestor of all Germanic languages - and its system of weak verbs.