Evolutianry consequence of parent-offspring conflict over parental investment: trophic-egg production and seed provisioning in cydnid bugs.

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Parent-offspring conflict over parental investment will promote the evolution of social behavior among parents and offspring. The present study has clarified a variety of interactions between parent females and their nymphs over trophic-egg production and seed provisioning in cydnid bugs. The findings, e.g., maternal vibration signals that induce synchronous hatching, provisioning call by mothers, effects of trophic-egg consumption by nymphs on maternal provisioning and family fusion occurring in the field, can bring better understanding of the evolution of social behavior and family dynamics.