Studies on cross-reactive antibodies to multiple subtypes of influenza virus henagglutinin induced by mucosal immunization

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Currently used parenteral influenza vaccines induce serum IgG antibody response against hemagglutinin (HA), but do not protect primary infection in the respiratory tissues. In addition, vaccine-induced antibodies are not cross-reactive to viruses with different HA subtypes from that of vaccine strains. In this study, we found that intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated influenza viruses induced antibodies cross-reactive to multiple HA subtypes. Furthermore, it was suggested that IgA antibodies associated with mucosal immunity played an important role in heterosubtypic inhibition of virus replication.